Terms

Question 1

Imperialism

Answer 1

The formal or informal manifestation of one state’s political and economic power into foreign states

Ex. Britain v. World

Question 2

Colonialism

Answer 2

Subgroup of imperialism where a territory is formally controlled by foreign rule (a metropole)
Quoted from the slides

Ex. Britain v. India

Question 3

Import Substitution

Answer 3

ISI: state subsidization of domestic industries to protect against Western capitalism that favors the Global North

• Trade barriers to protect key industries
• Maintained currency valuations
• Consumer subsidies for urban working class

Ex. Developed in the mid 20th century:
- 60’s success in East Asia
- Prioritized commodities in many African states
- Prioritized industrialization in Latin America

70s = downward commodities and need for bailout (oil embargo = price surge and stagflation)
- State was pouring resources into ISI at the expense of the rural area as it prioritized urban industrial interests, also crowded out the more efficient private sector

check in the Goldman Reading for details

Question 4

Structural Adjustment

Answer 4

IMF and World Bank gave money to cash starved countries in agreement that they get rid of more neoliberal policies that help out the everyday/poorer individuals; provides loans in exchange for “austerity”
- IMF demands that states: cut out subsidies on public goods, the retrenchment of public sector workers, devaluing of currency; states had to comply in order to qualify for bailout
- Potential to squash domestic markets

Ex. SAP’s were the catalyst for mass protest in Southeast Asia and Africa during the democratic 3rd wave of the 80s and 90s.
- Caused the cutting back on resources and public goods.

(this is not real but take this for clarity) Imagine if the united states told Senegal that it could no longer regulate its own trading policies, Senegal then loses its ability to protect domestic markets from capitalist exploitation and promote job creation

Goldman: calls for an analysis that deconstructs the current classist/capitalist system with respect to how urban poor persists amidst injustices and scarcities.

Question 5

Neoliberalism

Answer 5

Free markets, privatization, private property, small gov’t all essential; goal of competing private interests in order to promote freedom and democracy for equality. Argues against state subsidization and its ability to distribute resources

*Detrimental to urban citizens
Ex. 70s and 80s rise of neoliberalism in US and UK (no details on this?)

Adam Smith’s “invisible hand”; private institutions can provide better distribution of resources than a large government can

Question 6

Late Urbanization

Answer 6

States developing in the post colonial era; hyperglobalization, demographic intensity, susceptibility to climate crisis; redevelopment of their colonial structures

Question 7

The State

Answer 7

System of permanent political institutions and the bureaucrats, agencies within it; the general position/offices of government (the establishment of a presidency or parliament)

Question 8

Institutions

Answer 8

The regulations and constraints that organize society, the economy, the political structure: created to create order and reduce uncertainty and informality

Ex.
Laws (civil liberties or property rights)
Rules
Formal processes (how you elect public officials; how they can vote to change the laws in the legislature)

Question 9

State Capacity

Answer 9

The ability of states to govern, administer services, and accomplish policy goals

Question 10

State Autonomy

Answer 10

Limits on federal power to prevent the federal government from interfering with decisions made by the state:

“the ability of states to be self-governing, or to act without influence from non-state actors (or politicians)” (direct quote from slides)

Ex. States consist of actors, elites, bueaucrats, who may be independent of class or interest groups

Question 11

Bureaucracy

Answer 11

Originally constructed by Weberian theory that there is a systematic division of functions delegated amongst ministries, institutional, political bodies; workers have well defined jobs and roles that they serve within the hierarchy, and they demonstrate an “esprit de corp” that constitutes a happy and proud work ethic.

“the institutionalized administration of (state) organizations
Specific rules, orgs and institutions based on these rules” (direct quote from slides)

Question 12

Developmental States

Answer 12

High growth interstices that have meritocratic bureaucracy, strong/disciplined identity, network ties to the private sector:

Ex. Evans (1989): interested in the ties between business and the state (embeddeddness in the concept of state ties to business, planners, NGOs, social actors etc.)

Question 13

East Asian Tigers

Answer 13

Former colonized nations that experienced high levels of growth in the second half of the 20th century (south Korea, Taiwan, singapore, hong kong)

Ex. Evans (1989) interested in Japan and its Ministry of International Trade and Industry: seeks out the top tier scholars and intellectuals through highly competitive civil service exams. Fully honed the nature of Weberian bureaucracy and on top of it all they had strong network ties to business and state elites.

Question 14

Interstice/Interstitial Bureaucracy

Answer 14

Pocket of economic/political affluence or success in developing states due to their bureaucratic ethos and deviation from neopatrimonial structures.

Ex. “Patchwork Leviathan” by Erica McDonnell–She looks at Ghana and their ministries

Question 15

Civil Society

Answer 15

The sphere of civic or social engagement in between the private household and the state; not a specific physical space; it is the interactions in which public or social interests are debated and advanced

Ex. Church, labor unions, grassroots political parties (not necessarily politicians though), student groups, professional associations, recreational sports teams or fan clubs

Question 16

Social Movements

Answer 16

An organized effort by a large number of people trying to bring about or impede social, political, economic, or cultural change. (not the same thing as special interest group-the difference lies in their actions: interest groups will lobby and campaign for a politician; social movements protest and hold sit-ins, picket lines, demonstrations, etc…

Ex. Holston and more

Question 17

Citizenship

Answer 17

Bearing rights as a member of a territorial nation state
- Rights
- Membership
- territory

Ex. Holston, “Right to have rights”

Question 18

Right to Rights

Answer 18

Hannah Arendt’s idea that rights belonging to every person by virtue of existence; the right to be a citizen of a nation state; to enjoy any civil, political, social rights, they must first be a citizen or at least a member of some organized political community.

Even if you are a member of a place, you might still lack access to basic rights

Ex. people who are houseless in US have the right to vote, but can’t exercize it without an address

Question 19

Right to the City

Answer 19

A right of inclusion to urban society and to have access to the civil society and public services by virtue of being in urban society.

Henri Lefebvre (1968 Le droit a la ville)
- Saw urbanization and industrialization as two processes that are often concurrent yet in conflict with each other; contrasts the vibrancy of urban life in society with the capitalist, elite forces
- People of the city are the protagonist protecting their rights against the capitalist elites trying to extract value from the reproduction of labor

Question 20

Insurgent Citizenship

Answer 20

Mobilization of communities in tense conflicts with the state and elites; insurgency means that citizenship is contested and the rights are something to be fought for from the periphery.

“Insurgent citizenship: people on periphery rising up to claim rights” (direct from slides)

Ex. Holston:

Sao Paulo industrial city developed in the early 20th century, pushed working class from core to periphery of the city during the 1940s/50s (this is when the residents bought the land but it was improperly zoned). Houses built from scratch (Holston’s definition of “autoconstruction”). In the 2000s the urban poor insurgently contest the state that has been denying them access to public services and exploiting their labor. Inspired by the PT (workers party).

Question 21

Just-in-Time Urbanization

Answer 21

-based on Toyota production system in the 1980s where “the right parts are brought in only when they are needed”

“Components of “JIT” urbanization:
- Limiting of “waste” and “warehousing” (e.g. overpopulation of workers and social amenities to accommodate them) -
- Flexible, divided labor force
core of unionized workers/citizens alongside population of contingent, disposable workers” (direct from slide)

Ex. Chinese cities reckoned with overpopulation and overextended social services (Malthusian Crisis) and labor shortages and demanding workers (profitability crisis) by sending working to smaller cities and control flow of migration - only allowing people who would fill specific labor roles in cities

-Hukou system enabled this by linking social services to where you are born (limit migration bc you can’t get school for your kids if you were to leave the rural area in which they were born)

Question 22

Growth Machine

Answer 22

Network that wants to maximize exchange value
- Through developing land normally

Ex. Coined by Logan and Molotch
- Crispian Olver also uses this term when discussion South African cities.
“Author sees ‘growth machines’ as a type of political settlement” (direct from slides)

Question 23

Rents

Answer 23

-Revenue streams that are accumulated and higher than the ‘market’ price of transactions
-Extracted from sources that otherwise (or officially) would not be sources of revenue
-comes from a monopoly over a scarce resource (e.g. housing or control over the use of a good or space)

Ex. (From class) Car guards in South Africa–make you pay for “watching” your car (also they don’t actually really do anything)
No legal claim for this

Question 24

Use Value

Answer 24

Qualitative aspect of value

Ex.
Logan and molotch

a location being a great space for a park to promote community building and green space

Question 25

Exchange Value

Answer 25

Quantitative aspect of value

Ex. Logan and molotch

real estate, natural resources, capital for production

Question 26

Embeddedness

Answer 26

“extent to which the state is tapped into networks with the rest of society

-(business, planners, NGOs, social actors etc.)
-Coordinating and working with these organizations and interests
-Evans here is mostly interested in the ties between business and the state (later in semester we will think about movements)
-Effective industrial policy requires sufficient state capacity to guide, network, and coordinate with the market and firms, providing institutional channels towards the public interest.
-A form of state-led development” (all direct from slides)

“Embeddedness is the extent to which one organization is constrained by its social ties to an organization with a different institutional logic
- Socials ties could be networks, personal relationships, cultural norms, kinship groups”

Ex. Heller

Question 27

Participatory Budgeting

Answer 27

Municipal government allows the local community to vote on how the authorities will delegate funding out of the budget.

Ex. Porto Alegre

Question 28

Collective Consumption

Answer 28

the foundation for alliances amongst urban communities; social movements form around the basis of collective consumption (public goods) which impacts not only the economy but the political system and those in power.

-“The politics of collective consumption key foundation for alliances amongst urban communities” (direct from slides)

Ex. Castells

Question 29

Cohesion

Answer 29

“coordinating capacity of local state institutions to implement policies across two dimensions” (2)
- Horizontal: coordination between different agencies
- Vertical: coordination between local, state, and national governments
- Cohesion is important to delivery goods