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1
Q

abduction

A

inference to any conceptualization or explanation

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2
Q

creative abduction

A

inference to a conceptualization or explanation that is invented ex novo

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3
Q

creativity

A

the ability to come up with ideas and artifacts that are new, surprising and valuable (Margaret boden)

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4
Q

happy thought

A

Whewell’s notion of the unanalyzable element of scientific discovery

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5
Q

H-creativity

A

historical creativity, coming up with a new, surprising and valuable idea that as far as we know no-one has thought of before

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6
Q

inference to the best explanation

A

inference to the likeliest or loveliest explanation

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7
Q

instrumental value

A

the value of something has to achieve a particular end

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8
Q

intrinsic value

A

the value something has ‘in itself’, ‘as such’

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9
Q

overcoded abduction

A

automatic or semi-automatic inference to an obvious conceptualization or explanation

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10
Q

p-creativity

A

psychological creativity, coming up with something that is new to the person that comes up with it

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11
Q

problem of the value of knowledge

A

why knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief.

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12
Q

reliabilism

A

view that knowledge amounts to true blief that results from truth-conductive methods

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13
Q

serendipity

A

unplanned fortunate discovery

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14
Q

truth-conduciveness

A

property of producing more truths than falsehoods

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15
Q

undercoded abduction

A

inference to a conceptualization or explanation that is selected from a set of equiprobable conceptualizations or explanations

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16
Q

conceptual problem

A

question with respect to the nature, core or essence of something

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17
Q

diagnostic reasoning

A

reasoning from symptoms to diagnoses

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18
Q

dramaturgy

A

explains actions individuals perform in everyday life as if they were performers on a stage

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19
Q

epistemic problem

A

question with respect to the kinds, nature, possibility, structure, value, sources, domains or dimensions of knowledge

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20
Q

evaluative problem

A

question with respect to the assessing of value to something

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21
Q

existential problem

A

question with respect to the meaning and purpose of life

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22
Q

fallibilism

A

view that knowledge and progress are possible, despite the fact that all our beliefs remain hypothetical (by doing piecemeal adjustments to the theories around)

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23
Q

foundationlessness

A

epistemic problem that there are no absolutely certain basic beliefs

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24
Q

methodological problem

A

question with respect to maximizing truth-conduciveness in an inquiry

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25
Morelli's earlobe
Morell's method to identify the characteristic hand of a painter through scrutiny of diagnostic minor details, such as earlobes, rather than identities of composition and subject matter or other broad treatments that are more likely to be seized upon by students, copyists and imitators
26
ontic problem
question with respect to what exists, mind-independently, and/ or in relation to our experiences
27
overdetermination
ontic problem that there are countlessly many ways to conceptualize or explain even a single sensory experience
28
symptomatology
the study and classification of symptoms
29
theory-ladeness
methodological problem that observations are never pure, but always affected to some extent by the presuppositions of the observer
30
Zadig's method
the making of retrospective predictions common to history, archeology, geography, physical astronomy and paleontology
31
double truth
religion and philosophy, as separate sources of knowledge, might arrive at contradictory truths without detriment to either
32
epistemic skepticism
calling into question the possibility of knowledge
33
idealism
the world depends on the mind
34
indirect perception
we do not perceive the world directly, but through sensations, ideas, impressions, phenomena or sense-data
35
metaphysical skepticism
calling into question the existence of the world
36
naked substratum
propertyless residue of a particular
37
neutral monism
anti-metaphysical, neutral view of the world as related complexes of sensations
38
paradox of inquiry
inquiry is either unnecessary or impossible
39
particular
individual object
40
realism
there exists a mind-independent, material world
41
sensationalism
as perceptual intermediaries, sensations and their patterns form the only data and the only ontology that we can comprehend
42
substance
ontologically independent particular
43
theory of Forms
what really exists is the world of Forms, containing the non-physical essences of all things, of which objects and matter in the physical world are merely imitations
44
theory of recollection
nothing is ever learned, it is simply recalling or remembering the direct acquaintance of our soul with the Forms
45
universal
one and the same property over many particulars
46
analytic statement
statement of which the negation is self-contradictory
47
context distinction
distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification, echoing the traditional distinction between genesis and validity
48
crucial experiment
experiment that establishes the truth of one of a set of competing theories once and for all
49
Hume's fork
Hume's sharp distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact or analytic statements and synthetic statements
50
phenomenalism
propositions about material objects are reducible to propositions about actual and possible sensations, or sense data, or appearances
51
reductionism
second dogma of empiricism, according to which each meaningful statement gets its meaning from some logical construction of terms that refer exclusively to immediate experience
52
solipsism
view that only oneself or one's own experiences can be known to exist
53
synthetic statement
statement of which the negation is not self-contradictory
54
verification theory of meaning
the meaning of a synthetic statement is the procedure one should follow to verify it, to check whether it's true, if there is no such procedure, the statement is meaningless
55
verificationism
a synthetic statement is only meaningful if there is a procedure to verify it, to check whether it is true
56
corroboration
track record of hypotheses under critical tests
57
demarcation problem
the problem of distinguishing between science and non-science
58
discovery-that
the observation of what Is discovered
59
discovery-what
the correct conceptualization of what is discovered
60
exemplars
paradigmatic examples of the definition of and the solution to problems in a domain
61
falsifiability
being able to be contradicted by an empirical test using existing technologies
62
Hume's problem
the problem of explaining how induction can justify hypotheses or theories
63
normal science
the gradual accumulation of riddle solving by scientists working within a paradigm
64
paradigm shift
a new paradigm replacing an old one as a result of scientific revolution
65
scientific revolution
period in which alternatives for foundational and/ or constitutional assumptions of a paradigm are ventured
66
experiments with ligatures
Harvey's experiments to confirm blood circulation by strapping ligatures to show that blood only flows away from the heart in the arteries and only towards the heart in veins
67
incongruity theory
humor results from incongruity (Kant) or incongruity-resolution (Schopenhauer)
68
Incongruity
cognitive conflict between the initial interpretation of the joke's body and the punchline
69
incongruity-resolution
resolving an incongruity by abducing a new interpretation which can accommodate the punchline
70
forceful systole
Harvey's initial thesis that the active moment in the movement of the heart is its systole or contraction, rather than its diastole or expansion
71
quantitative problem
anomaly that the amount of blood that was passed from the venal system into the arterial system was much greater than expected
72
quantitative thought experiment
assuming Galen's view on the production and consumption of blood and extrapolating the amount of blood that was passed from the venal to the arterial system, Harvey concluded that the veins would dry up and the arteries would burst open, unless blood somehow flew back from the extremities of the arterial system to the venal system
73
relief theory
humor facilitates the release of superfluous nervous energy
74
superiority theory
laughing is laughing at, humor results from suddenly experiencing one's status to be better than that of the person or persons laughed at
75
venous valves
the valves of the veins that take blood back to the heart against the force of gravity, discovered by Harvey's teacher Fabricius d'Acquapendente, Harvey assumed the venous valves to be efficient
76
acceptance
actually believing an idea is true
77
dogmatic falsificationism
falsificationism ignoring theory-lateness of observation and the role of auxiliary hypotheses
78
epistemological anarchism
there are no methodological rules, the rule is: anything goes
79
hard core
propositions that scientists working in a research tradition are reluctant to give up in face of contrary evidence
80
methodological falsificationism
fablsificationism recognizing that observations are theory-laden, though typically, the theories involved can be uncritically assumed
81
principle of proliferation
inquirers should never fall short in proliferating alternative explanations adding them to the 'ever-increasing ocean of alternatives'
82
principle of tenacity
inquirers shouldn't easily give up attractive hypotheses in face of contrary evidence
83
protective belt
propositions that scientists working in a research programme or research tradition are prepared to adjust in face of contrary evidence
84
pursuit
working with ideas without accepting them, developing ideas as far as possible
85
sofisticated falsificationism
falsificationism requiring the acceptance of an alternative theory that explains everything the old theory could explain, allows for novel predictions and some of which must have been corroborated.

philosophy of scientific discoveries (1 decks)

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