Terms Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
The sum of all ecosystms
A
biosphere
2
Q
The fundamental unit of all substances
A
atom
3
Q
a group of single-celled or multi-celled individuals of a species in an area
A
population
4
Q
Levels of life’s organizations from simplest to most complex
A
atom
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
multicellular organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
5
Q
A characteristic of a system that doesn’t appear in any system’s components is called an
A
emergent property
6
Q
Living things sense and respond to change
A
homeostasis
7
Q
Taxons:
A
domains
kingdoms
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
common name
8
Q
Controlled by person
A
independent variable
9
Q
influenced by independent variable
A
dependent variable
10
Q
treated part of an experiment
A
experimental group
11
Q
hypothesis that has survived years of testing
A
scientific theory
12
Q
If all of life’s domains were 3 groups, they’d be
A
archaea, bacteria, eukaryotic
13
Q
smallest unit of life
A
cell
14
Q
_ are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
A
atoms
15
Q
number of protons in nucleus is called the
A
atomic number
16
Q
_ are atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons
A
isotopes
17
Q
total number of neutrons and protons in nucleus of isotope is
A
mass number
18
Q
_ has neutral charge
A
neutrons
19
Q
_ isotope with an unstable nucleus
A
radiotope
20
Q
Pure element examples
A
aluminum, corn syrup, hydrogen
21
Q
A
22
Q
atoms that have unpaired electrons are
A
free radicals
23
Q
zinc has _ electrons
A
30
24
Q
A chemical bond in which strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge
A
Ionic bond
25
_ gives up hydrogen ions
less than 7 pH
high hydrogen ion concentration
acids
26
_ bind with hydrogen ions
greater than 7 pH
low concentration
base
27
_ measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms
electronegativity
28
__ 2 atoms share a pair of electrons
can be stronger than ionic bonds
Covalent bond
29
__ an attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond
hydrogen bond
30
_ bonds are weaker
hydrogen
31
_. soils are hydrophilic
ionic
32
the amount of a _ that is dissolved in a given volume of fluid is _
solute, concentration
33
_ molecules resist separating
cohesion
34
An _ gives up hydrogen in water - a _ accepts
acid, base
35
_ acids do not ionize completely in water
weak
36
_ can be made with radioisotopes
tracers
37
Charges:
protons are
electrons are
neutrons are
positive
negative
uncharged
38
substances that can dissolve other substances
solvent
39
Are not dangerous because they emit energy
free radicals
40
In order of increasing polarity:
non polar covalent
polar covalents
ionic
41
_ share electrons unequally in an polar covalent bond
atoms
42
1st orbital shell can hold up to _ electrons, all other shells can hold up to _ electrons
2, 8
43
_ outermost electrons have greater energy as compared to _
outer, inner
44
a liquid with high temperatures has more _ _
atomic motion
45
pH can only be measured in _
fluids
46
electrons are shared equally in a _ bond
hydrogen
47
_ in research is based on the predictable timing of radioactive decay
tracers
48
magnesium and magnesium chloride have _ _
ionic bonds
49
_ bonds are not used to form molecules
hydrogen
50
_ are a set of chemicals
buffers
51
_ are shared equally in a non polar covalent bond
electrons
52
atoms of different elements that bond together is a _
compound
53
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds is a good _
solvent
54
_ with mostly hydrogen and carbon are organic
-hydrocarbon molecule/nonpolar
compound
55
HDL is _ and LDL is _
good, bad
56
_ is the simplest hydrocarbon
-1 carbon, 4 hydrogen atoms
methane
57
_ group is an atom or small molecular group covalently bonded to a carbon atom organic compound
functional
58
_ group (-OH) adds polar character to an organic compound
-increases ability to dissolve in water
-lots of sugars in this group
hydroxyl
59
_ group adds non polar character, dampens effect of polar functional groups
methyl
60
_ groups carry 2 carbons from one molecule to the other
acetyl
61
_ groups make amino and fatty acids acidic
carboxyl
62
amino and amide make _ bases basic
-metabolism
nucleotide
63
aldehyde and ketone groups are parts of _ _
simple sugar
64
Sygars, fartty acids, amino aids nucleotides, are _
monomers
65
a molecule that consists of repeated monomers is a _
polymer
66
enzymes remove monomers from polymers in a metabolic reaction called _
hydrolysis
67
_ is when an enzyme joins one monomer to another
condensation
68
_ organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a. 1:2:1 ratio
-all _ are either a sugar or a polymer made form sugar monomers called saccharides
carbohydrates
69
_ (one) simplest carbohydrate
-5-6 carbon atoms
-1 carbonyl group (-c=0)b=2 or more hydroxyl groups (-OH)
-move daily through water
-breaks bonds of glucose (6 carbons)
-used as structural material
0monomers
monosaccharides
70
_ and _ are 5 carbons
ribose, deoxyribose
71
_ are short chains of covalently bonded monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
72
glucose + fructose = _
disaccharide
73
_ chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers
-cellulose, starch, glycogen
-all contain completely glucose monomers
polysaccharides
74
_ has long, crosslinked hydrogen bonds, straight chains of covalently bonded glucose monomers
-most abundant organic molecule
-structural material of plants
-insoluble
cellulose
75
_ different covalent bonding pattern between glucose monomers makes a chain coil into a spiral
-doesn't easily dissolve into water
-stores sugars
-hydrolysis enzymes break bond between starch's glucose monomers
starch
76
_ is the form animals store sugar in
-polysaccharide
glycogen
77
_ has chains of nitrogen-full sugar monomers linked by hydrogen bonds
-durable, translucent, flexible
-reinforces cell wall of fungi and strengthens outer wall of animals
chitin
78
_ are hydrophobic
lipids
79
_ acids small organic molecule consist of long hydrocarbon tails with carboxyl head
-tail is hydrophobic
-head is hydrophilic
fatty
80
_ acids have single bonds linking carbons in tails
saturated fatty
81
_ are formed by three fatty acids bonded to the same glycerol form
-entirely hydrophobic
-richest energy source
-a far is a tro molecule
triglycerides
82
- fat has three saturated fatty acid tails
saturated
83
_ have two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with a phosphate group -majority in a cell membrane
phospholipids
84
_ are lipids with no fatty acid tails
-backbone with 20 carbon atom
-cholesterol is the most common
-estrogene and testosterone
steroids
85
_ is water-repellent made of varying mixes of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols
-protect, lubricate, soften skin and nails
wax
86
_ is a molecule of one-two chains of one or more amino acids
protein
87
_ small organic compound with amine group (-N+H2), a carboxyl group (-COOH, the acid) and 1/20 "R groups)
amino acids
88
_ bond that link amino acid in protein is a peptide bond
covalent
89
_ amino acid chain is peptide, longer is polypeptide
short
90
_ move substances, help cells communicate, defend body
proteins
91
_ which is when a protein loses its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
denaturation
92
_ is an infectious protein
prion
93
changes in a protein's _ may alter its function
structure
94
_ are smaller organic molecules function as energy carriers
-the moons is 5 carbon sugar, ribose or deoxyribose. Base is 1/5 small compounds with a flat ring
nucleotides
95
_ are polymers, chains of nucleotides
-an RNA is single, chain of nucleotide monomer, one is ATP
Nucleic acid
96
_ are the monomers of nucleic acid
nucleotides
97
_ are nucleic acids that carry out protein synthesis
RNA
98
_ works with energy currency in cells
ATP
99
_ - stores and transports energy
_ - encodes heritable info
_ - plays role in protein synthesis
ATP
DNA
RNA
100
H
H-C-H. this is an
H
organic molecule
101
O=N=O is a
inorganic molecule
102
O O
\/
o
+
H-o-H
|
v
O. O
\ /
OH+HO
A.
B.
C.
one poly
water
2 poly
example of hydrolysis
molecule is splitting
103
Group of lips w/triglycerides -
polarity helps form cell membrane -
covers plants -
rigid carbon rings -
fat
phospholipids
wax
steroid
104
Glycine-Serine-Lysine-Valine
what holds these together
peptides
105
the S molecule picture
spilts another organc molecule
-causes protein to unfold,
-can change shape
- heat, pH, detergents
-term used for process is denaturing
106
_ acids make up of individual nucleotides
nucleic
107
Nucleic acids are
polymers
108
nucleotides are
monomers
109
carbon has the ability to form _ bonds
4
110
Comprose carbohydrate polymers with same monomer unit
cellulose-starch
111
_ lacks fatty acid tail
steroid
112
_ gives unique feature to different organic molecules
functional group
113
_ forms main chain of organic molecules
carbon
114
_ is the type of reaction cells use to combine smaller monomers into larger functional polymers
condensation
115
all nucleic acids contain a _ _
phosphate group
116
main component of eularyotic member us _
phospholipid
117
_ is energy-storage molecule in humans
glycogen
118
denaturing a protein affects _, _, _
second, teritary, final shape
119
_ determine type of protein
amino acid composition
120
Products and components to other products are made on complex conveyor belts that run along the factory floor. There are two types of conveyor belts in this factory. One type of conveyor belt has many complex machines working along it; the machines are very efficient but only make a few types of products. This type of conveyor belt represents the
rough er
121
The other type of conveyor belt does not have any of those machines. Instead, the second type of conveyor belt takes some of the completed products from the first type of conveyor belt and uses them to process a wider variety of products. This type of conveyor belt represents the
smooth er
122
Completed products that have to leave the factory are sent to the shipping department. There they are checked for quality and packed into boxes, which will carry them out of the factory. The shipping department represents the
Golgi body
123
When products and materials need to be moved around the factory, they are placed into boxes for more efficient transport. These transport boxes represent
vesicles
124
Normal operations of the factory create a certain amount of factory waste. In addition, at times trash accidentally comes in from outside. The factory deals with waste by dumping it all into incinerators, which burn and break down unwanted materials. These trash incinerators represent
Lysosomes
125
All of the work in the factory does not happen on its own. The factory workers get their instructions on what to make next and how much to make on the machines from the boss. The boss sits in an office and rarely comes down to the factory floor. The boss's office represents the
nucleus
126
In eukaryotic cells, _ are organelles that create ATP molecules, which provide power for the cell.
mitochondria
127
Chloroplasts use sunlight to create _ , which provide power for the creation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
ATP molecules
128
T or F
Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but plant cells have chloroplasts instead of mitochondria.
False
129
Microtubule, is cylindrical in shape
involved in moving cell parts or the whole cell
130
Microfilaments
Reinforce the shape of cells
131
Intermediate filaments
structurally supports cell membranes and tissues
132
This organism is moving through the use of
pseudopods
133
Which of the following statements describes how, in this case, the cytoskeleton helps move the cell?
Microfilaments elongate to push a lobe forward, and motor proteins drag the rest of the cell along behind.
134
Many different types of cell junctions connect cells with other cells and with their environment. One type of cell junction is , which allows the cell to directly exchange ions and small molecules with neighboring cells.
gap
135
In multicelled organisms, most cells are surrounded by a mixture of molecules called the extracellular matrix. For example, in plants, a waxy extracellular matrix called a _ Correct helps protect exposed surfaces of the plant and _
cuticle, limits water loss
