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1
Q

Ancient Greece Time Period:

A

1000-30 BCE

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1
Q

5 pillars of faith

A

Pillar 1–
o Affirmation of 1 god–Allah & his messenger Muhammad
Pillar 2–
o Ritual of prayer in direction of Mecca 5 times a day
Pillar 3–
o Omsgiving–giving money to poor , charitable
Pillar 4–
o Fasting & abstinence during the Ramadan (sacred month of year)
Pillar 5–
o Hadj–annual pilgrimage to Mecca

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are icons?

A

Greek words for “images”

small image usually a painting that represents a sacred person

small=intimate

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3
Q

Describe a Basilica plan church?

A

long (Latin cross design), holds a lot of people

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3
Q
A

KOUROS

GREEK PERIOD

ARCHAIC STYLE

1000-30 BCE

Characteristics:

  • marble
  • natural
  • grave markers
  • long thick curly hair
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4
Q
A

DEATH OF SARPEDON

by EUPHRONIOS (painter) & EUXITHEOS (potter)

GREEK PERIOD

ARCHIAC STYLE

1000-30 BCE

Characteristics:

  • Vase (pottery)
  • Uses foreshortening
  • this is an optical illusion where objects & distances look shorter because of the angle to the viewer
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4
Q

Contrapposto

A

“counter-pose”

physical concept of weight shift

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4
Q
A

AUGUSTUS OF PRIMAPORTA

ROMAN PERIOD

EMPIRICAL STYLE

509 BCE - 395 CE

Characteristics:

  • orator qualities (arm is up)
  • shows administration
  • barefoot represents divine act
  • military, political, propaganda
  • mix of mythological with realism similar to Greek “Spearbearer”
  • contrapossto
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4
Q

Forum

A

large open rectangular space

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4
Q

Atrium

A

open space with light at the top

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4
Q

Relic:

A

body part or material that comes fom holy person or object

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5
Q

semi-circular most sacred part of Christian church, holds alter in the east b/c Christ was crucificed in the East looking West

A

Apse

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6
Q

Fresco

A

form of painting where pigment is applied into wet plaster; usually has vibrant colors

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7
Q
A

THE ARCH OF TITUS

ROMAN PERIOD

EMPIRICAL STYLE

509 BCE-395 CE

Characteristics:

  • Commermerate and celebrate Titus’s victory
  • created by his predecessor
  • arch has decorations
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8
Q

Byzantine Dates:

A

527-1453

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9
Q
A

FUNERARY VASE

GREEK PERIOD

PRE-ARCHAIC STYLE

1000-30 BCE

Characteristics:

  • Found in cemetary
  • registers
  • top register–deceased, prep cremation
  • second register–soldiers holding shield
  • pour wine to pour into dead body
  • Amphora shape (Greek storage vessel)
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10
Q

Aegean Art time period:

A

3000-950 BCE

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11
Q

Greeks adopted columns from who?

A

The Egyptians

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11
Q

What two cultures did Romans absorb?

A

Greek & Utruscan

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11
Q

What plan church is this?

A

Central-Plan Church

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11
Q
A

FLYING BUTTRESSES/ CHARTRES CATHEDRAL,

FRANCE

GOTHIC PERIOD

1140-1400 CE

Characteristics:
• Butress carry most of the weight
• Decorative element to outside church

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12
Q
A

CITY SCAPE, POMPEII

ROMAN PERIOD

EMPIRICAL STYLE

509 BCE-395 CE

Characteristics:

  • wall painting
  • illusion of 3d
  • intuitive perspective (illusion of 3d space, no single vanishing point)
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12
Q

Side Aisels was used to:

A

to accomadate more people

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13
Nike was the goddess of--?
Victory
14
Groin Vault
Two intersecting barrel vaults
15
Sarcophagus meaning?
Flesh eater
16
NIKE OF SAMOTHRACE GREEK PERIOD HELLENISTIC STYLE 1000-30 BCE Characteristics: * Nike=victory * movement * winged arms
16
Two plans of Christian church:
Basilica & Central
16
Emperor during Bynzantine empire:
Justinian
17
Greeks used what material, while Romans used what?
Marble; concrete
18
Style of Romanesque period:
rounded arches buttresses stone ceilings symmetry
19
What is an oligarthy?
An area is ruled by a group
20
Monotheistic religion:
Judiasm, Christianity, Islamic
20
Islamic Decorative Canon
•Most valued art form * Calligraphy • Geometric • Arabesque o Intertwined foliage • Mysterious form
21
Hellenistic themes:
move away from perfection more exaggeration and naturalism interest in facial & body expression new subject matter--children, defeat, everyday life
21
EMPEROR JUSTINIAN & HIS ATTENDENTS CHURCH OF SAN VITALE, RAVENNA BYZANTINE PERIOD 527-1453 Characteristics: * move away from realism
23
system of thought basd on interest & ideals of mankind
Humanism
24
GALLIC CHIEFTAIN KILLING HIS WIFE AND HIMSELF GREEK PERIOD HELLENISTIC STYLE 1000-30 BCE Characteristics: * shows enemy * Gauls are defeated, leader decides to kill himself * open composition * dramatic effects * elicit emotion
25
Oligarhy:
rule by a group
26
Best preserved church:
Church of San Vitale, Italy
27
NAVE, BASILICA OF ST SERMIN FRANCE ROMANESQUE PERIOD 1050-1200 Characteristics: * True arch * Rounded tunnel vault * Stone material * Benefit of stone ceilings—acoustics, durable
28
Columns in the Aegean time period were:
heavy at the top & thinner at the bottom
29
APOLLO ETRUSCAN PERIOD ARCHIAC STYLE 700-509 BCE Characteristics: * Terracotta * hollow clays * stoic face
29
HOUSE SYNAGOGUE @ DURA-EUROPAS SYRIA JEWISH & EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD 100-500 Characteristics: * synagogue * tempera on plaster * emphasized religious learning (didatic) * cut away where the Tora is kept * art is used to illustrate & teach
30
Circular theater was used for:
Entertainment
30
What is the Torah?
The first 5 books of the Hebrew scripture
30
Gothic Period dates:
1140-1400
32
What was the guideline for human body proportion called?
Canon of Proportion
32
Portal:
entrance or doorway into church; separates spiritual from secular; enter into heaven on earth
34
What art structure emphasises golden ratio?
Parthenon
35
Pythagerean was interested in patterns & \_\_\_\_\_\_.
binary opposition
35
foyer, transition space, lobby
Narthex
36
Archiad:
series of arches
37
Romanesque Period dates:
1050-1200 CE
37
LAST JUDGEMENT, CATHEDRAL OF SAINT-LAZARE GISLEBERTUS, FRANCE, ROMANESQUE PERIOD 1050-1200 CE Characteristics: * Christ is shown as a judge * Christ brought St. Lazarus back to life * Tympanum structure * Scare tactics—when you die, eternal life in heaven, or damnation * Angels * Broken into register, the people lined up
37
East chuch (during Byzantine)
Patrarchs (committee), noncelibte, East orthodox
38
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT ROMAN PERIOD EMPIRICAL STYLE 509 BCE-395 CE Characteristics: * huge collasal=strength * eyes too large
39
What is a Cathedral:
* o Comes from Cathedra (the seat the Bishop sits) * o Most are in France * o Symbolically center of the town * o Organic, doesn’t need to be symmetrical * o Took centuries to build
40
EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF MARCUS AURELIUS ROMAN PERIOD EMPIRICAL STYLE 509 BCE-395 CE Characteristics: * lost wax technique * bronze * celebrating precession, great victory * thick beard, curly hair * horse expression (personality) * horse one foot up=sustained injury and died later
42
Who used post & lintel? Greeks or Romans?
Greeks
44
SNAKE GODDESS AEGEAN PERIOD MINOAN STYLE 3000-950 BCE Characteristics: * Uses faience-- glass plate; glazed ceremic ware * snake and cat represent miraculous power and help with healing * wide hips=fertility * female deity--priestess
45
What does sarcophagus mean?
flesh eater
45
sacred scripture of Muslims, collection of revelations
* Koran
45
THE GREAT MOSQUE TUNISIA ISLAMIC PERIOD 600-1600 Characteristics: Traditional style of Mosque Arches & columns repeated over & over again Gives a sense of eternity & mystery Mirab—niches used as prayer stations Usually cut into the wall
46
Roman Period theme:
* functional & secular * organization, administration * varism--extreme realism * subject matter--civic leader, military triumphs, polictics, pragmatic * many tyrant kings
46
COLLESSEUM ROMAN PERIOD EMPIRICAL STYLE 509 BCE-395 CE Characteristics: * Arches & Concrete * used for entertainment and to distract poor * amphitheater * arcade (row of arches * largest structure of sheer mass in world (concrete)
47
*THE SUICIDE FROM AJAX* by EXEKIAS GREEK PERIOD ARCHAIC STYLE 1000-30 BCE Characteristics: * Black figure style * black-slip--watered down * fired vessel & turn reddish * profile viewpoint
48
PARTHENON by KALIKKRATES & IKTNUS GREEK PERIOD CLASSICAL STYLE 1000-30 BCE Characteristics: * uses classical doric architecture * light, graceful, elegant, airy * platform & architecture are curved * curved becasue our eyes manipulate so our eyes perceives it as straight
49
Etruscan Art materials:
Mudbrick & wood materials
50
SARCOPHAGUS ETRUSCAN PERIOD ARCHAIC STYLE 700-509 BCE Characteristics: * Terracotta * Painted * Lounging
51
ROYAL PORTAL, CHARTRES CATHEDRAL, FRANCE, GOTHIC PERIOD 1140-1400 Characteristics: • 3 pointed arch • gateway to heaven • Mary on the right holding Jesus
52
Clash why Christian faith was not accepted:
monotheistic polictical leader used to be deified divide
53
A row of columns
parastyle
53
PONT du GARD ROMAN PERIOD REPUBLICAN STYLE 509 BCE-395 CE Characteristics: * Aqueduct * repetition of true arch
54
Verism
Extreme realism
55
Portal:
entrance or doorway into church; separates spiritual from secular; enter into heaven on earth
56
Helenistic period time:
320-30 BCE
58
Cycladic Style characteristics:
whimsical, small figurines, scattered carved out of marble thin, virginal women modern, abstract, geometric
59
Synagogue
large room where people congregate where the Tora is kept, stored, and read
59
Main Elements of Mosque
* Rectangular courtyard * Minaret * Roofed prayer hall * Qiblah wall
60
Ancient Greece Characteristics:
* City-States * disliked autocratic (king/pharoah) * direct democracy * urban environment * focused on intellectual, reason * formal * analytical * invention of geometry * humanism * order, reason, human mind
62
Idealism of Greeks:
Absolute perfection
63
Doric Order
64
RELIQUARY STATUE OF SAINTE FOY FRANCE ROMANESQUE PERIOD 1050-1200 CE Characteristics: * container * a girl refused to convert to Christian faith so she was burned to death *
65
What plan church is this?
Basilica
66
Islamic Ideals:
* Rejection of representing humans, animals, sacred beings * No images of the lord * Allah has no material form * Symmetry balance
67
First temple seen:
Greek temple
67
Lamb symbolizes:
Sacrifice
68
PANTHEON ROMAN PERIOD EMPIRICAL STYLE 509 BCE-395 CE Characteristics: * no images on pediment * Pantheon means "all gods" * **oculus** (Latin for "eye", rounded opening at the top) * **Rotunda** (circular shaped building topped with a dome)
70
What is the golden ratio?
math figure often found in nature that embodies ideal beauty
71
Iconophile:
lover of images
72
NAVE, CHARTRES CATHEDRAL FRANCE GOTHIC 1140-1400 CE Characteristics: (Compare Nave of St Sermin to Nave of Chartres) * 100 feet tall * 45 feet wide * groin faults—two intersecting tunnel vaults * ribbed faults
74
Foreshortening:
this is an optical illusion where objects & distances look shorter because of the angle to the viewer
74
Gothic Art Style:
• End of the medevial period • “Unclassical”, “ugly”, “barbarian” • Feudalism • Economic stability • Growth of monarchy • Multiples of 3 is important (Christian number) Holy Trinity
76
What king ruled during most of the Empirical style?
Augustus Ceasar (grand newphew of Julius Ceasar)
77
Ionic Order
79
Gothic period dates:
1140-1400
80
Symbols: Fish? Dove? Lamb? Halo? Key symbol?
Fish? water/baptism Dove? peace/holy spirit Lamb? sacrifice Halo? Pagan authortiy emit light Key symbol? light
81
Another way for barrel vault:
Tunnel Vault
82
VIRGIN OF VLADIMIR BYZANTINE PERIOD 527-1453 Characteristics: * wood panel, tempura * sacred icon * Russia protected from Mongols
84
Basilica
any large roofed rectangularnhall; public hall used for assemblies
85
Themes of Romanesque period:
* more stable than centuries before * end of barbarians * converting to Christianity * Economic stability--feudalism * dominance of Catholic Church * Pilgrimages *
86
Iconoclast:
destroyer of images because they thought certain images led to idolotry
87
CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA ISTANBUL BYZANTINE PERIOD 527-1453 Characteristics: * walls covered in glass mosaic
89
*FIGURINES* AEGEAN PERIOD CYCLADIC STYLE 3000-950 BCE Charactertistics: * good luck charms * help in rituals * abstract/minimalistic * thin & angular "boyish" * marble
90
JEWISH AND EARLY CHRISTIAN TIME PERIODS:
100-500 CE
91
*BULL JUMPING* AEGEAN PERIOD MINOAN STYLE 3000-950 BCE Characteristics: * fresco * Male-dark * Female-light * theme of bull=male power * whimsical * entertainment/ritual
93
LAOCOON & HIS SONS GREEK PERIOD HELLENISTIC STYLE 1000-30 BCE Characteristics: * exaggerated muscles * intense facial expression * greater detail * contortion * strong angles * diamonism * tension * narrative * unstable * hierarchy of scale * greatly influenced by Micheoangelo
94
synecritism:
taking traditional symbols and giving them new meanings example: grape=party and celebration in Roman period grape=wine = blood of Christ
96
Minoan style was centered around what area?
Island of Crete
98
What does "terracotta" mean?
baked clay
100
Island of Crete Characteristics:
* mountainous in center * levels off near shore * vulnerable to earthuakes * playful arhietecture * palace complexes * frescos
102
math figure often found in nature that embodies ideal beauty
Golden ratio
103
West church (during Byzantine)
Catholic, Popes, clergy (celibate men)
105
Apollo is the god of --?
Sun & Music
107
METOPE PANEL FROM PARTHENON GREEK PERIOD CLASSICAL STYLE 1000-30 BCE Charactertistics: * battle between Greeks & Centuar * deep relief & emotion * Greeks are civilized conquering the uncivilized
108
Etruscan Art Period:
700-509 BCE
109
Had supports to hold up the statues that cannot stand alone
Roman copies
110
CHARTRES CATHEDRAL FRANCE GOTHIC PERIOD 1140-1400 CE Characteristics: * Rebuilt after a fire and building continued * Contains the widest nave in France * Bay—unit of measurement used to exemplify space between columns * Most stain glass used in world (all original)—symbolism to Jesus, intangible, warm, light * Complex labyrinth (ancient symbol for journey)
112
*SEATED HARP PLAYER* AEGEAN PERIOD CYCLADIC STYLE 3000-950 BCE Charactertistics: * marble * music important * ritual (maybe) * rhythm is used * negative space, curtouts * engraves
113
*SPEAR BEARER* by POLYKLEITOS GREEK PERIOD CLASSICAL STYLE 1000-30 BCE Characteristics: * Contrapostto * beauty, truth, & goodness through math proportions * Canon
115
3 different orders:
* Doric * Ionic * Corinthian
116
Jewish place of worship:
synagogue
117
JEWISH & EARLY CHRISTIAN DATES:
100-500
117
BAYEUX TAPESTRY NORMANDY ROMANESQUE PERIOD 1050-1200 CE Characteristics: * Textiles, fabric art * Embroidery, linen * Harold decides to be be king, William disputes him before he is the first cousin (battle subject matter) * Men point up to Hayley’s comet (sign of doom) * Battle scenes) * Normands conquer Anglo-Saxons (1066) * Unifies Normany and England
117
TREE OF JESSE CHARTRES CATHEDRAL GOTHIC PERIOD 1140-1400 Characteristics: • Uses glass to teach things (bible, family history) • Shows Christ heritage/lineage • Goes all the way back to the old testament
118
5 Pillars of Faith:
* Pillar 1-- * o Affirmation of 1 god--Allah & his messenger Muhammad * Pillar 2-- * o Ritual of prayer in direction of Mecca 5 times a day * Pillar 3-- * o Omsgiving--giving money to poor , charitable * Pillar 4-- * o Fasting & abstinence during the Ramadan (sacred month of year) * Pillar 5-- * o Hadj--annual pilgrimage to Mecca
119
CATACOMB PAINTINGS ROME JEWISH AND EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD 100-500 Characteristics: * human body moves away from naturalism/realism * human soul matters, not physical * place to worship
121
SHE-WOLF ETRUSCAN PERIOD ARCHAIC STYLE 700-509 BCE Characteristics: * natualistic * alert mouth open * Remus & Romulus * ears up indicate danger * Bronze material * Lost-Wax
123
Another word for the holy land?
promised land
125
A city on a mountain
Acropolis
126
Pilgrimage:
taking a journey to a sacred site, efforts to spread Christian faith
127
Hebrews live in a land of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Palestine
128
Byzantine Period time:
527-1453 CE
130
EAST PEDIMENT OF THE PARTHENON GREEK PERIOD CLASSICAL STYLE 1000-30 BCE Characteristics: * Birth of Athena here * Zeus is her father * she literally came out his head full grown & armoured
131
THE UNSWEPT FLOOR ROMAN PERIOD EMPIRICAL STYLE 509 BCE-395 CE Characteristics: * mosaic preserved by volcanic ash * Trompe l'oeil--trick the eye
132
Terracotta
Baked clay
133
Most famous pilgrimage site:
Jerusalem
134
1st Christian Basilica:
Old Saint Peters
135
Romanesque period dates:
1050-1200
136
Describe a central-plan church:
tholos (rounded church or square) (greek cross design) burial, baptist
137
Islamic Period:
600-1600
138
Who was Muhammad?
• prophet/messenger who Allah spoke to & began Islamic faith • born in Mecca • Angel Gabriel spoke to him, one true god is Allah • Fled to Madina—city of the prophet & where the word was written down • Islam o “to surrender to Allah” • Jesus Christ is not the son of God
140
Mosque
Muslim place of worship
141
Corinthian Order
143
*LION GATE* CITADEL @ MYCENAE AEGEAN PERIOD MYCENAEAN STYLE 3000-950 BCE Characteristics: * Inverted column * post & lintel * corbeled arch (progressively stacked, tapered in for triangular opening)
144
Who is Parthenon?
Athena in virgin form
145
Tempura
egg yolk binder whiich drys quickly, lasts long, permanent
147
Greek materials vs Roman materials:
Greeks--Marble Romans--Concrete
148
THE FOUR TETRARCHS ROMAN PERIOD EMPIRICAL STYLE 509BCE- 395 CE Characteristics: * Tetrarchs (4 sections division from empire) * remove from realism (no contrapossto) * unidentifyable (clone like) * no interest in depicting human body * symbolic back to Archaic style
149
Corbeled Arch:
progressively stacked, tapered in for triangular opening
150
What art work first used contraposstto?
*KRITIAN BOY* GREEK PERIOD CLASSICAL STYLE 1000-30 BCE
151
TREASURY OF ATREUS AEGEAN PERIOD MYCENAEAN STYLE 3000-950 BCE Characteristics: * post & lintel * Tholos-- rounded conical building * beehive tomb * defensive * protect from dead * largest interior space until the Pantheon
153
New subject matter of Helenistic period:
children, defeat, everyday life
154
Where is Etruria?
Northen italy
155
elevated (4-5 stories) narthex to east ~west flow
Nave
156
Where did people secretly practice faith:
Homes & catacombs
157
MOSIAC MIHRAB ISLAMIC PERIOD 600-1600 Characteristics: * Made up of tiles * Repeating geometric foliage * Endless eternity mystery * United in prayer * Symmetry & balance
158
Match the scripture with the religion:
Judaism(Hebrew) Christianity (Bible) Islam (Koran)
159
Roman period dates:
509 BCE-395 CE
160
Monotheistic religions:
Judaism Islamic Christianity
162
Who were the first Greek speaking people?
Myceneans
163
Proportion represented what in Ancient Greece?
mental intellectual & physical beauty
164
Catacombs:
seires of underground tunnerls/chambers/vaults used for burial; escpae
165
Barrow Vault:
series of true arches in a row
166
Trompe l'oeil
to trick the eye (used in The Unswept Floor)
167
3 different order styles:
Doric Ionic Corinthian
168
Islamic period dates:
600-1600
170
*KRITIAN BOY* GREEK PERIOD CLASSICAL STYLE 1000-30 BCE Characteristics: * Uses contrapposto (weight shift)
170
BASILICA OF MAXENTIUS AND CONSTANTINE ROMAN PERIOD EMPIRICAL STYLE 509 BCE- 395 CE Characteristics: * Maxentius & Constantine fight in battle * Constantine wins, and he rules and rids of the tetrarch system * 1st ruler to become Christian, not Pagan * true arch, concrete
171
SANCTUARY OF FORTUNA PRIMIGENIA ROMAN PERIOD ROMANTIC STYLE 509 BCE-395 CE Characteristics: * building techniques: cement, "true arch" * archiads * cement is mixed with mortar and ash
173
Qiblah wall does what?
o Directs one in the direction of Mecca
174
Intuitive perspective & what piece uses it?
illusion of 3d space, no single vanishing point; *City Scape, Pompeii, Roman Period, Empirical Style 509 bce-395 ce*
175
Church style characteristics:
plain on outside, decorative on inside metaphorical: body plain, spirit inside
176
177
2 theaters face each other creating oval shape
Amphitheater
178
Muslim place of worship:
Mosque
179
Amphora Shape:
Greek storage vessel
180
DOME OF THE ROCK JERUSALEM ISLAMIC PERIOD 600-1600 Characteristics: * Central planned Mosque, octagonal * Site for Pilgrimage * Not a traditional Mosque * Center is a rock , meant to distract Christians & Jews from own faith

Art History Exam 2 (1 decks)

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