terms Flashcards
(321 cards)
1
Q
What is the cervical margin
A
the surface between the crown and the root
2
Q
What is calcium hydroxide
A
temporary root canal dressing
3
Q
What is polycarboxylate
A
used for lining cavities
4
Q
what is the ideal level of fluoride in water
A
1PPM
5
Q
what percentage of the UK population receives fluoridated water?
A
10%
6
Q
What is enamel
A
The outer layer of the crown, has no nerve or blood supply. The hardest substance in the body
7
Q
What is the junction between enamel and dentine called?
A
Amelo-dentinal junction
8
Q
What is the structure of enamel
A
Enamel has a crystal structure in the form of prisms
9
Q
What mineral do enamel crystals consist of?
A
The crystals consist of calcium hydroxyapatite
10
Q
What is fluorapatite crystals
A
When fluoride bathes the enamel, the exchange of ions and minerals become fluorapatite crystals.
These resist acid attacks better than hydroxyapatite crystals.
11
Q
What is dentine? (3)
A
The interior of the crown and root.
80% inorganic - mainly calcium.
A living tissue.
12
Q
A
13
Q
What is healthy gingival crevice?
A
1-3mm
14
Q
Signs of heathy gingiva(4)
A
Pale pink colour
Firm
Tight cuff around tooth
Stipples appearance
15
Q
How many deciduous teeth?
A
20
16
Q
How many permanent teeth
A
32
17
Q
What does anodontia mean?
A
No teeth
18
Q
What does partial anodontia mean?
A
Some teeth are naturally missing
19
Q
What is a congenitally missing tooth?
A
A tooth that has never formed
20
Q
What are hypoplastic teeth?
A
Teeth that are underdeveloped
21
Q
What are hyperplastic teeth
A
Teeth that have over developed
22
Q
What is an ectopic tooth
A
A tooth that has developed in the wrong position
23
Q
What is a supernumerary tooth
A
An extra tooth
24
Q
When do deciduous teeth develop?
A
In the unborn foetus jaw
25
When do lower a’s erupt?
6 months
26
When should all deciduous teeth erupt by?
30 months
27
What age do the deciduous lower central incisors erupt?
6 month
28
What age do the deciduous upper central incisor erupt?
8 months
29
What age do the deciduous upper and lower lateral incisor erupt?
12 months
30
Where does the nerve supply enter the root?
The apical foramen
31
What is the apical foramen?
Where the nerve supply of the tooth enters through the root
32
What goes through the apical foramen?
Blood vessels enter and leave through the apical foramen
33
What is the pulp
Nerve supply of the tooth
34
What is cementum
It surrounds the root and lies beneath the gum
35
What does hypoplastic mean
Under developed
36
What does hyperplasticity mean
Over developed
37
What are the tooth supporting structures
(3)
Gingiva
Periodontal ligament
Alveolar bone
38
What is the alveolar bone?
A unique bone that surrounds the teeth in the sockets
39
What is the lamina dura
The outer layer of alveolar bone which is a hard compact bone
40
What is cancellous bone?
The inner layer of the alveolar bone. This is soft and spongy allowing blood vessels to pass through the bone.
41
What happens to the alveolar bone after teeth are extracted?
The alveolar bone resorbs as it has no function after an extraction.
42
What is the periodontal ligament?
Is collagen fibres between the alveolar bone and cement that hold the tooth within its socket.
Acts as a shock absorber when chewing.
43
what are the topical effects of fluoride on teeth
formation of calcium fluorapatite crystals on the teeth
inhibition of plaque bacteria
remineralisation of carious lesions
44
What are characteristics of deciduous teeth? (5)
Smaller and whiter
Thin layer of enamel
Large pulp chamber
Molars have splayed roots
Root resorption
45
What is a periodontal abscess
Abscess formation in the periodontal pocket
46
What is pericoronitis
Infection around the crown of a partially erupted tooth
47
What is cellulitis
Spreading infection into the deeper soft tissues
48
What is a tuberculosis
Large single ulceration
49
What is diphtheria
Tonsillar white plaques, which bleed when removed
50
What is syphilis
Large ulcer anywhere in the mouth
51
Signs of oral thrush
Thick white pt he’s on the tongue, lips, cheek or palate
52
Signs of stomatitis
Happens under dentures
Red shiny patches
53
Signs of angular cheli it is
Red, sore cracks at the angles of the lips
54
What is the definition of disease
Unhealthy, abnormal or disordered
55
What is a ‘symptom’
Something the patient is aware of
56
How can diseases be acquired (5)
Congenital
Inherited
Developmental
Acquired
Traumatic
57
What does an examination include? (6)
Medical history
Dental history
Extra oral exam
Intra oral exam
Teeth examination
Periodontal examination
58
Signs of chicken pox
Blisters that rupture
Blisters may appear in mouth
59
Sign of measles
Spots on cheek
60
Sign of mumps
Swollen parotid gland
61
Sign of primary herpes simplex
Multiple blisters and ulcers
62
Sign of secondary herpes
Blisters that weep and form scabs
63
Sign of oral thrush
Thick white patches on the tongue lips cheek or palate
64
Sign of stomatitis
Under denture
Red shiny patches
65
Sign of angular cheilitis
Red sore cracks at the edge of the lips
66
Types of traumatic injury to soft tissue (3)
Frictional
Chemical
Heat
67
Signs of health gingiva
Pale pink
Firm
Stippled surface
Tight ciff
Crevice 1-3mm
68
What is plaque
Biofilm
69
What is gingivitis
Inflammation of the gingiva
70
Signs of gingivitis
Red
Swollen
Smooth
Bleed of probing
Increased gingival crevice
No pain
Plaque at the gingival margins
Bleed when brushing
71
Signs of chronic periodontitis
True pockets
Bleeding when probing
Mobile teeth
Drifting teeth
Gingival recession
Sub-gingival calculus
Halitosis
Bad taste
Loss of bone height
72
What is a true pocket
When the periodontal ligament breaks down, the bone resorbs and the gingival attachment migrates down the root
73
74
What is mixed dentition?
When a child has both deciduous and permanent teeth
75
76
77
What is GDC standard 1
Put patients interest first
78
What is gdc standard 2
Communicate effectively
79
What is gdc standard 3?
Obtain valid consent
80
What is gdc standard 4?
Maintain and protect pt info
81
What is gdc standard 5
Have clear and effective communication
82
What is gdc principle 6
Work with colleagues in the patient best interest
83
What is gdc principle 7
Maintain, develop and work within your professional knowledge and skills
84
What is gdc principle 8
Raise concerns if patients are at risk
85
What is gdc principle 9
Your personal behaviour maintains confidence in you and the dental profession
86
What does the gdc do
Oversees all education for dental professionals
Sets standards for dental professionals
Registration of all qualified dental professionals
87
The nervous system consists of:
-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system
88
The central nervous system consists of:
- the brain
- the spinal cord
89
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Nerves that connect all parts of the body to the central nervous system
90
What does the brain control
- breathing and heart rate
-thinking, learning, memory
-movement and Co-ordination
91
Brain weight?
2% of total body weight
92
How much cardiac output does the brain require?
Requires 15% of cardiac output
93
How much body oxygen does the brain consume
20%
94
How much body glucose does the brain utilise
The brain utilises 25% of body glucose
95
Cell metabolism:
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
96
10 main medical emergencies in the dental practice
Asthma
Anaphylaxis
Angina
Cardiac arrest
Epileptic seizures
Hypoglycaemia
Syncope
Choking and aspiration
Stroke
Dental haemorrhage
97
What is normal breathing?
Adult
- 12-20 breaths per minute
Child
- 20-30 breathes per minute
98
What is normal pulse
- carotid pulse is strong and regular
99
Signs of abnormal breathing
- unusual chest movements
-unable to complete a sentence in one breath
- increased or reduced rate of breathing
- no breathing
- noisy breathing (stridor / wheezing)
100
Signs of abnormal pulse
Weak
Slow
Rapid
No pulse
101
Signs of abnormal appearance
(Medical emergency)
Pale
Sweating
Cyanosis
102
Signs of anaphylaxis
Difficulty breathing
Rash
Flushing or pallor
Sweating or clammy
Confusion
Swelling
Low blood pressure
Respiratory arrest
Cardiac arrest
103
How to manage anaphylaxis
(medical emergency)
Intramuscular 1:1000 adrenaline
Oxygen 15 litres / min
Call for ambulance
104
What is angina
Coronary blood flow restricted causing pain when heart rate increases
105
Signs of angina
Severe chest pain
106
How to manage angina
(Medical emergency)
GTN spray
Oxygen 15L/min
Call for ambulance if no improvement
107
Signs of asthma
Shortness of breath
Wheezing when breathing out
Repeated coughing
More than 25 breaths a minute
Heart rate > 110/min
108
How to manage asthma
(medical emergency)
Use patients own inhaler
Use salbutamol from kit
109
Signs of cardiac arrest
Unresponsive
Stopped breathing
No pulse
110
How to manage cardiac arrest
Call 999
BLS
AED
111
Signs of choking
Coughing
Difficulty talking
Stridor / wheezing
Cyanosis
112
How to manage choking
Sit patient up
5 back blows
5 abdominal thrusts
113
Signs of epileptic seizure
Sudden loss of consciousness
Patient rigid
Jerking movements
Incontinence
114
How to manage epileptic seizures
Remove dangerous objects
Time seizures
Protect head
Recovery position (when finished)
Midazolam on buccal mucosa if longer than 5 mins
115
What is hypoglycaemia
Low blood glucose
116
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia
Shaking/ trembling
Sweating
Headache
Vagueness
Slurring speech
Aggression/ confusion
Fitting
Loss of consciousness
117
How to manage hypoglycaemia
(medical emergencies)
Oral glucose
Buccal glucose gel
Intramuscular glucagon
118
What is myocardial infarction
the loss of blood supply to the heart due to blockage in the coronary arteries
119
Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction
Chest pain
Referred pain
Shortness of breath
Sweating
Palpitations
120
How to manage myocardial infarction
Call 999
Knees bent
Recovery position (unconscious)
Oxygen 15L/min
GTN spray
Aspirin 300mg
121
Signs and symptoms or syncope
Dizziness
Pale
Sweating
Slow or rapid pulse
Loss of consciousness
122
How to manage syncope
Lay patient flat
Raise legs
Oral glucose
Oxygen 15L/min
123
Signs and symptoms of stroke
Slurred speech
Dropped face
Weak arms
FAST
124
How to manage stroke
Call 999
125
Signs and symptoms of primary dental haemorrhage
At appointment
Wound continues to seep
126
Signs and symptoms of secondary haemorrhage
After bleeding has stopped first time:
The would starts to bleed again
Large clots
Several hours later
127
What is tertiary haemorrhage
When the would becomes painful and bleeding starts 2-3 days later - usually as a result of infection
128
How to manage dental haemorrhage
Aspirate excess blood
Pressure pack 10-15 mins
Suture the wound
Give antibiotics (for tertiary)
129
Emergency dental drugs
GTN spray
Salbutamol aerosol
Adrenaline 1:1000
Aspirin 300mg
Glucagon 1mg
Oral glucose drink
Glucose gel
Miadazolam 10mg/ml
Oxygen
130
How to administer glyceryl trinitrate spray and for what condition
Sublingual
Angina
Possibly myocardial infarction
131
How to administer salbutamol
Inhaled
Asthma
Possibly anaphylaxis
132
How and why adrenaline 1:1000
Intramuscular injection
Anaphylaxis
133
How and why aspirin 300mg
Chewed and swallowed
Myocardial infarction
Possibly angina
134
How and why glucagon 1mg
Intramuscular injection
Hypoglycaemia if unconscious
135
How and why oral glucose drink
Swallowed
Hypoglycaemia if conscious
136
How and why glucose gel
Buccal or sublingual mucosa
Hypoglycaemia if conscious but confused
137
How and why midazolam 10mg/10ml
Buccal or intranasal
Epileptic seizure
138
How and why oxygen
Inhaled
Angina
asthma
Cardiac arrest
Myocardial infarction
Syncope
139
Emergency equipment in a dental practice
Needles and syringes
Oro-pharyngeal airways
Oxygen masks
Portable battery powered suction unit
Automated external defibrillator
Blood glucose monitor
Blood pressure monitor
140
Survival rates of cardiac arrest
Survival rates reduce by 10% for every minute that before before the heart is shocked back into rhythm
141
What does CPR stand for
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
142
What does ABCDE assessment stand for
(Medical emergency)
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure
143
Burns first aid response
Prevent loss of blood
Prevent infection
Run under cold running water for 10 min
Wrap in cling film
144
First aid box equipment
Plasters and dressings
Bandages
Antiseptic wipes
Adhesive taoe
Scissors
Pins
Tweezers
Cotton wool
Blanket
Eye bath
145
What is a pathogen
Microorganism (microbes) that cause disease
146
What is a microbe
Any organism that is not visible with the naked eye
-bacteria
-viruses
-fungi
-prion
147
What is cocci
Spherical bacteria
-cocci
-diplococci
-staphylococci
-streptococci
148
What is bacilli
Rod shaped bacteria
149
What is spirochaete
Large, spiral shaped bacteria
150
What is an acute infection
Relatively sudden onset of infection
151
What is chronic infection
Present over a long period with few signs or symptoms
152
What is pus
An accumulation of dead white blood cells and pathogens
153
What is an abscess
An accumulation of pus in a localised area
154
What is cellulitis
Spreading of infection (pus) through the tissues
155
What is virulent
Powerful pathogen that is not controlled by the body’s inflammatory response
156
What is granulation tissue
Temporary tissue repair prior to reorganise into specialised cells
157
Examples of virus
-measles
- mumps
-rubella
- pertussis
- diphtheria
- chicken pox
- polio
- herpes
158
Example of fungi
Candidiasis
159
What is a prions
Prions are misshaped proteins that survive in the nerve tissue
160
What is an example of a prion disease
Creutzfeldt Jacob disease
161
Signs and symptoms of inflammation
Redness
Swelling
Hot to touch
Pain
Loss of function
162
What is an antigen
A substance causing an immune response to foreign material
163
What are lymphocytes
Lymphocytes in the blood produce antibiotics which attach to the antigen to neutralise or destroy it
164
What is HTM 01-05
Document detailing decontamination in primary dental care practice which describes essential requirements and best practice recommendations
165
What is social hand washing
10-15 seconds
Removes transient microorganisms
Plain or antimicrobial liquid soap
Non clinical activities
166
What is hygienic hand washing
15-30 seconsa
Destroys micro organisms
After hand washing with soap use an antiseptic cleanser
Before and after clinical procedures
167
What is surgical scrub
2-3 minutes
Antiseptic hand cleanser
Used for oral, periodontal and implant surgery
168
Hand washing technique
1: wet hands with soap
2: rub hands palm to palm
3: rub the back of your hands
4: rub palm to palm fingers interlaced
5: run back of fingers to opposing palms
6: rub each thumb in rotational direction
7: rub tips of fingers in opposite palm in circular motion
8: rub wrists
9: rinse
10: dry with disposable paper towel
169
Donning Ppe
1: apron
2: mask
3: face shield
4: gloves
170
removing ppe order
1: gloves (peel off using outside only)
2: apron (break straps fold out to in)
3: face shield
4: mask
5: wash hands
171
Managing a blood spillage
- ventilate area
- full ppe including thick household gloves
-soak excess blood with paper towels
- cover area with 10,000 Ppm chlorine
-wait 5 minutes
-clear and dispose in clinical waste
172
Stages of decontamination
Cleaning
Disinfection
Inspection
Sterilisation
173
Autoclave time and temperature
134 held for 3 minutes
174
What does asepsis mean
The absence of pathogens
175
Types of autoclave
Type n - non vacuum
Type b & s - vacuum
176
what are the key strategies for caries prevention
plaque control
diet control
fluoride use
stimulation of saliva
removal of stagnation areas
177
five steps to Assessing Risks in the workplace
1. identify the hazard
2. decide who might be harmed and how
3. evaluate the risks and decide on precautions
4.record findings and implement them
5. review, reassess and update if necessary
178
first aid regulation law:
the health and safety (first aid) regulations 1981
179
what does RIDDOR stand for?
Reporting of
Injuries
Diseases
Dangerous
Occurences
Regulations
180
what does COSHH stand for?
Control
Of
Substances
Hazardous to
Health
181
What does COSHH cover?
Chemicals
products containing chemicals
fumes
dusts
vapours
mists
gases
biological agents
182
what is the environment protection act 1990 for?
to prevent the pollution of air, land or water
183
how long must a hazardous waste consignment note be kept and stored for?
at least 3 years
184
how long should non hazardous waste transfer notes be kept?
at least 2 years
185
what is a hazardous waste consignment note
it is used to track the movements and ensure safe disposal of hazardous waste
186
what colour is a non-hazardous waste medicine bin
rigid yellow bin with a blue lid
187
what is offensive waste?
waste which is not infectious but may cause offence to those coming into contact with it.
does not need special disposal
188
steps to deal with inocculation injury
- attend wound immediately
-encourage bleeding (do not suck)
-wash with soap and water. dry with a paper towel
-cover wound with waterproof plaster
-report
-assess medical history
-local hospital for advice
189
how to manage a blood spillage?
deal with immediately
wear full PPE including thick rubber gloves
ventilate the room
use paper towels to mop up excess
cover with 10000 ppm chlorine
wait 5 mins
wipe with fresh paper towels
dispose of waste appropriately
190
how to deal with mercury spillage
report and deal with immediately
remove others from the contaminated area
ventilate the room
wear full PPE
confine the mercury
use a mercury spillage kit
spread the paste using a brush
brush the paste into the scoop
seal the container for disposal
191
what is enamel
the outer layer of the crown
has no nerve or blood supply
192
what is the amelo-dentinal junction?
the junction between enamel and dentine
193
what is dentine
the interior of the crown
mainly calcium
193
what is the structure of dentine
hollow tubes called dentinal tubules
194
what are ondontoblasts
specialized cells responsible for producing and maintaining dentin
195
what is cementum
surrounds the root
attaches to the periodontal ligament
196
what is hypoplastic?
an underdeveloped tooth
197
what is hyperplastic?
an overdeveloped tooth
198
what structures support the tooth?
gingiva
periodontal ligament
alveolar bone
199
what is the alveolar bone?
supports the teeth in their sockets
outer layer is lamina dura
inner layer is cancellous bone
200
what is the lamina dura?
hard outer layer of alveolar bone
201
what is cancellous bone
the soft inner layer of the alveolar bone
allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through the bone
202
what is the periodontal ligament?
made of collagen fibres
located between the alveolar bone and cementum
holds the tooth in the socket
203
signs of healthy gingiva
pale pink
firm
tight cuff
stippled appearance
204
how many deciduous teeth?
20
205
how many permanent teeth?
32
206
what does anodontia mean
no teeth
207
what is partial anodontia
when some teeth are naturally missing
208
what is a congenitally missing tooth
a tooth that has never formed
209
what are hyperplastic teeth
teeth that have overdeveloped
210
what are hypoplastic teeth
teeth that are underdeveloped
211
what is an ectopic tooth
a tooth that has developed in the wrong position
212
what is a supernumeracy
an extra tooth
213
what is the order of eruption of deciduous teeth
lower central incisors - 6 months
upper central incisors - 8 moths
upper and lower lateral incisors - 12 months
upper and lower first molars - 16 months
upper and lower canines - 20 months
upper and lower second molars - 28 months
214
characteristics of deciduous teeth
smaller
whiter
thin enamel
large pulp chamber
root resorption
215
what are the average permanent eruption ages
6-7 years
- lower central incisors
-upper and lower first molars
7-8 years
- lower lateral incisors
-upper central incisors
8-9 years
-upper lateral insciros
9-10
-lower canine
9-11 years
-upper and lower first premolars
-lower second premolars
10-12 years
-upper canine
-upper second premolar
12-13 years
-upper and lower second molars
18-25
-third molar
216
what is a periapical abscess
when the death of the pulp causes periapical infection
217
what is a periodontal abscess
when an abscess forms in the periodontal socket
218
what is pericoronitis
infection around the crown of a partially erupted tooth
219
what is cellulitis
when the infection is spreading into the deeper soft tissues
220
what is an aphthous ulcer
the common mouth ulcer
221
what is pplaque
when bacteria sticks to the teeth and form a biofilm
222
What happens when the pH in the plaque falls below 5.5?
A microscopic layer of minerals dissolves from the tooth surface (demineralisation)
223
What happens during remineralisation?
Calcium and phosphate ions return to the tooth, helping to repair the tooth surface.
224
When does caries (cavities) occur?
When demineralisation is greater than remineralisation
225
what are stagnation areas?
an area where food and plaque can easily become stuck and difficult to remove causing risk of caries
226
what are common stagnation areas?
pits and fissures in molars
contact points of teeth next to each other
ledges on restorations
227
what are the stages of caries
1: white spot enamel lesion
2: demineralisation
3: caries progress through dentine
4: pulpitis and pulp death
5: periapical abscess/infection
228
What is a white spot enamel lesion?
A white spot enamel lesion is the first sign of caries, caused by prolonged acid attack.
229
How does demineralisation of enamel occur?
Demineralisation occurs from the outer surface of the enamel, progressing along the direction of enamel prisms.
no pain as no nerves
230
What is pulpitis?
Pulpitis is inflammation of the tooth pulp caused by caries.
231
What is irreversible pulpitis?
irreversible pulpitis occurs when caries reach the pulp, causing constant, throbbing pain.
The pulp becomes infected, and the pain becomes persistent.
232
What is a chronic periapical infection?
A chronic periapical infection occurs when the infection is limited to the apex of the tooth, with no obvious symptoms.
233
What is granulation tissue in chronic infection?
Granulation tissue is a fibrous network of blood vessels, immune cells, and tissue repair cells that form` in place of bone during chronic infection
234
What are the symptoms of an acute periapical infection?
severe pain
throbbing
235
What role does plaque play in caries formation?
Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the tooth surface, produce acids that cause enamel demineralisation leading to caries
236
What role does saliva play in preventing caries?
Saliva neutralizes acids,
washes away food particles, and
provides minerals like calcium
237
What are the signs and symptoms of a dental abscess?
Pain
* Redness
* Swelling
* Heat
* Raised body temperature
* Tooth is very tender to touch or pressure (loss of function)
* Swollen lymph glands
238
an abscess =
The accumulating dead cells form pus
239
what is erosion
enamel loss through acid attacks other than from plaque acids
240
what is abrasion
enamel loss through excessive action of a toothbrush
241
what is attrition
enamel loss through chewing of griniding forces
242
what is abfraction
enamel loss through fracture from tooth movement
243
what causes erosion
extrinsic acids
eg:
-fruit juices
-citrus fruits
-fizzy drinks
-wines
-regurgitated stomach acids
-hiatus hernia
-reflux
244
signs of erosion
very shiny enamel
can see dentine through enamel
teeth have lost shape
245
what causes abrasion
excessive heavy toothbrushing
abrasive toothpaste
wooden interdental sticks
246
signs of abrasion
deep grooves in the dentine
247
what causes attrition
wear and tear from chewing
bruxism
mouth piercings
248
appearance of attrition
short teeth
flattened cusps
exposed dentine
249
what causes abfraction
flexion of the tooth when chewing
250
appearance of abfraction
v shaped notch at the cervical margin
251
diseases that affect the periodontium
gingivitis
chronic periodontitis
periodontal abscess
acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
acute pericoronitis
acute herpetic gingivitis
252
signs of healthy gingiva
pale pink
firm
tight cuff
stippled surface
gingival crevice 1-3 mm
253
gingivitis =
inflammation of the gingivae
254
signs and symptoms of gingivitis
red
swollen
smooth appearance
bleeding on probing
increased gingival crevice
no pain
plaque at gingival margins
bleeding when brushing
255
signs and symptoms of chronic periodontitis
true pockets (>4 mm)
bleeding
mobile teeth
drifting causing gaps
gingival recession
sub gingival calculus
occasional pus in pockets
halitosis
bad taste
radiographs show bone loss
256
how are true pockets formed
the periodontal ligament breaks down
the bone resorbs
the gingival attachment migrates down the root
257
signs and symptoms of a lateral periodontal abscess
pain
swelling
tooth tender to pressure
pus from pockets
258
signs and symptoms of acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis
pain
red swollen gingiva
greyish yellow membrane
bad taste
bad smell
raised temperature
259
what bacteria causes acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis
bacillus fusiformis and treponema vincentii
260
signs and symptoms of pericoronitis
pain
swelling
loss of function
raised temperature
occasionally trismus
261
what is pericoronitis
inflammation around the crown of a partially erupted tooth
262
what is trismus
the inability to fully open mouth
263
what is an operculum
a flap of tissue that partially covers a tooth - most likely partially erupted teeth
264
how can stagnation areas be removed
fissure sealants
remove ledges from fillings
leave dentures out at night time
265
what is the primary cause of gingivitis
plaque
266
primary factors in periodontal disease
plaque
267
secondary factors in periodontal disease
smoking
diabetes
pregnancy
reduced immunity
plaque retaining factors
268
prevention of periodontal disease include:
oral hygiene advice
smoking advice
diabetes control
well shaped restorations
leave dentures out at night time
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brushing advice:
brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste
brush before breakfast and at the end of the day
spit excess don't rinse `
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fluoride doses:
babies - no fluoride
infants - 1000ppm fluoride
children over 6 - 1500ppm fluoride
adults - 1500 ppm fluoride
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toothpaste maximum fluoride
1500 PPM
2500/5000 when prescribed by the dentist
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what is the hall technique
stainless steel crowns to starve the decay in deciduous teeth
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What are the advantages of the Hall Technique?
No drilling or removal of decayed tissue
No need for local anaesthesia
Quick, non-traumatic procedure
Effective in preventing further decay
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What is the critical pH level for tooth enamel?
The critical pH level is 5.5
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How does the pH level change after eating sugar?
After eating sugar, the pH level in the mouth drops rapidly and goes below 5.5 within seconds. It can take up to 20 minutes for the pH to return to a safe level,
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How long should you wait after eating before brushing your teeth?
You should wait at least one hour after eating before brushing your teeth to allow time for remineralisation
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What is Stephan’s Curve?
Stephan’s Curve is a graph that shows how the pH level in the mouth changes after sugar consumption.
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Why is frequent sugar consumption more harmful than consuming a large quantity of sugar at once?
Frequent sugar consumption causes the pH to stay below 5.5 for longer periods, which increases the risk of demineralisation and doesn't allow enough time for remineralisation to occur.
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How does saliva help with remineralisation?
Saliva has a buffering effect that helps neutralise acids and promote remineralisation of enamel,
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What fluoride treatments are recommended for high-risk patients?
Higher fluoride concentration toothpaste (2500-5000 ppm)
Daily fluoride rinse (0.05% sodium fluoride) for 1 minute
Weekly fluoride rinse (0.2% sodium fluoride)
Fluoride gels (0.4% stannous fluoride), like Gel Kam, applied daily
Fluoride varnish (23,000 ppm, e.g., Duraphat) applied by a professional twice yearly
Tooth Mousse and MI Paste, milk-based fluoride products
Fluoride supplements (tablets or drops) for high-needs children
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How is fluoride varnish used for caries prevention in high-risk patients?
Fluoride varnish (e.g., Duraphat, 23,000 ppm) is applied professionally twice a year in a dental surgery
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ways to stimulate saliva flow to prevent caries
Chew sugar-free gum for twenty minutes after a meal to stimulate saliva flow
Sugar-free lemon drops stimulate saliva
Saliva substitutes for patients with xerostomia
Drink plenty of water throughout the day.
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risks of smoking
heart disease
lung disease
cancer
risks to unborn baby
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oral effects of smoking:
oral cancer
destruction of periodontium
xerostomia
halitosis
hairy tongue
stained teeth
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what is xerostomia
dry mouth
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Incisal
the biting edge of the incisors and canines
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occlusal
the biting surface of molars and premolars
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Mesial
the surface of any tooth nearest to the mid-line
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* Distal
the surface furthest from the mid-line
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buccal
the surface facing the cheeks
(molars and premolars
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labial
the surafec facing the lips
(canines - incisors)
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palatal
the surface facing the palate of all upper teeth
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lingual
the surface facing the tongue on all lower teeth
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cervical
the part of the tooth next to the gingival margin
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BPE code 0
healthy periodontal tissues
no bleeding when probing
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BPE code 1
bleeding after gentle probing
black band remains completely visible
no calculus
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BPE code 2
black band remains completely visible (3.5 mm)
calculus detected
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BPE code 3
black band partially visible inthe deepest pocket
( up to 5mm )
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BPE code 4
black band not visible in the pocket
(>5.5mm)
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BPE code *
gingival recession gives depth of 7mm +
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How does the GDC protect patients under the Dentists' Act?
Overseeing dental education at all levels
Setting standards for dental professionals
Managing the registration of qualified dental professionals
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What are some of the key responsibilities of the General Dental Council (GDC)?
Ensuring that dental professionals are qualified and registered
Setting standards for dental care
Handling complaints
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What must dental professionals do to comply with the GDC's CPD requirements?
Keep a personal log of their CPD activities
Create a Personal Development Plan
Ensure their training hours meet the GDC's requirements for each five-year cycle
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What potential actions can result from a disciplinary hearing?
Erasure from the register
Suspension
Conditional registration
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What must dental professionals do to remain on the GDC register?
Pay an annual retention fee
Maintain adequate insurance to protect patients from injury claims
Ensure they continue to meet the GDC’s requirements for qualifications and practice
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What information does the GDC register provide to the public?
Qualified professionals in dentistry
The outcome of conduct hearings
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Who can approve access to a patient's health records?
Only the record-holder (e.g., the patient's dentist
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What is required for a patient to access their health records?
Patients must make a request in writing to see their health records.
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How long must dental records be kept under The Access to Health Records Act?
Dental records must be kept for at least 11 years or until the patient reaches 25 years old, whichever is longer.
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What are the key principles of the Data Protection Act 1998 for handling personal data?
Be obtained for a specified purpose
Be relevant and not excessive
Be accurate and up-to-date
Be kept only for as long as necessary
Be used in accordance with the individual's rights
Be kept secure
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What are the six principles from the Caldecott Report (1997)?
Justify the purpose for using patient data
Don’t use patient-identifiable information unless absolutely necessary
Use the minimum necessary patient-identifiable information
Access should be strictly on a need-to-know basis
Everyone should be aware of their responsibilities to maintain confidentiality
Understand and comply with the law, particularly GDPR
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What is Principle 4 of the GDC’s Standards?
Principle 4 is to maintain and protect patients’ information
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What is Principle 8 of the GDC’s Standards?
Principle 8 is to raise concerns if patients are at risk
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What is Principle 9 of the GDC’s Standards?
Principle 9 is about ensuring that your personal behaviour maintains patients' confidence in you and the dental profession.
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What is Principle 3 of the GDC’s Standards?
Principle 3 requires dental professionals to obtain valid consent from patients before providing any dental treatment.
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What does informed consent require?
A full explanation of the treatment, including potential risks.
An explanation of the consequences of not having the recommended treatment.
The use of language and terms that are at the patient's level of understanding.
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What is Principle 2 of the GDC's Standards?
Principle 2: Communicate effectively with patients.
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What is Principle 6 of the GDC's Standards?
Principle 6: Work with colleagues in a way that is in the patient’s best interest.
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What is Principle 7 of the GDC's Standards?
Principle 7: Maintain, develop, and work within your professional knowledge and skills.
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