Terms Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
What is a skimmer?
A
The skimmer is a device installed in the pool wall near the water surface that pulls in surface water to remove debris like leaves, insects, and oils before they sink. It’s connected to the filtration system and helps keep the pool clean.
2
Q
What is a pool return?
A
The pool return (or return line) is the outlet where filtered water is pumped back into the pool after passing through the filter. It helps circulate water and maintain chemical balance, often with adjustable nozzles to direct flow.
3
Q
What is a cleaner line?
A
The cleaner line is a dedicated plumbing line that connects to an automatic pool cleaner (e.g., a robotic or suction-side cleaner). It delivers water to power the cleaner, which scrubs the pool floor and walls.
4
Q
What is a winter plug?
A
A winter plug is a cap or plug used to seal pool pipes, returns, and skimmers during the off-season (winterizing). It prevents water from entering and freezing, which could damage the plumbing.
5
Q
What does footer refer to in pool terminology?
A
In pool terminology, ‘footer’ likely refers to the concrete footing or base that supports the pool structure or equipment pad (e.g., for the pump or filter). It provides stability and prevents shifting.
6
Q
What are overflow lines?
A
Overflow lines are drainage pipes designed to handle excess water, such as during heavy rain or when the pool overflows. They direct water away from the pool area to avoid flooding or damage.
7
Q
What is a skim weir?
A
The skim weir is a flap or gate inside the skimmer basket that adjusts to water flow. It allows debris to enter while preventing it from floating back out, ensuring efficient skimming.
8
Q
What are suction outlet grates/covers?
A
These are protective covers or grates over suction outlets (e.g., drains or skimmers) to prevent large debris or body parts from blocking the flow. They’re critical for safety and proper water circulation.
9
Q
What is an overflow drain?
A
An overflow drain is a secondary drain that removes excess water from the pool, often used in infinity pools or to manage water levels during heavy use or rain.
10
Q
What are suction hazards?
A
Suction hazards refer to risks associated with strong suction from pool drains or outlets, including hair entrapment, limb entrapment, or body suction, which can trap swimmers and cause injury or drowning. Modern pools use safety features like multiple drains or vacuum release valves to mitigate these risks.
11
Q
What is a vacuum release in a filtration system?
A
A vacuum release is a safety mechanism in the filtration system that automatically shuts off or reduces suction if an obstruction (e.g., a swimmer) is detected at a drain. This prevents entrapment hazards.
12
Q
What is a variable speed pump with vacuum release?
A
A variable speed pump allows you to adjust the pump’s speed for energy efficiency and different tasks (e.g., filtering vs. cleaning). The ‘with vacuum release’ indicates it includes a built-in safety feature to release suction pressure, enhancing safety during operation.
13
Q
What are filters in pool maintenance?
A
Filters are devices that remove dirt, debris, and contaminants from pool water. They’re a core part of the circulation system, ensuring clean water.
14
Q
What is the function of pumps in a pool?
A
Pumps move water through the filtration and heating systems, pulling water from the pool and pushing it through filters and returns.
15
Q
What does a heater do in a pool?
A
The heater warms the pool water for comfort, using gas, electric, or solar energy.
16
Q
What is the purpose of a sanitizer system?
A
This system keeps water safe by killing bacteria and algae, often using chlorine, saltwater chlorinators, or UV systems.
17
Q
What does plumbing refer to in pool maintenance?
A
Plumbing refers to the network of pipes that carry water to and from the pool, including lines for skimmers, returns, and drains.
18
Q
How does a sand filter work?
A
A sand filter uses a bed of sand to trap dirt and debris as water passes through.
19
Q
What is the function of a valve motor?
A
The valve motor automates the movement of multi-port valves to switch between filtering, backwashing, or rinsing.
20
Q
What is an activator in pool systems?
A
An activator is a component that triggers or enhances a process, like starting a chemical reaction in a sanitizer system or opening a valve.
21
Q
What is a DE filter with a separation tank?
A
A DE filter uses fine DE powder to catch tiny particles, offering superior filtration. The separation tank helps manage the DE during cleaning.
22
Q
What does backwashing mean in pool maintenance?
A
Backwashing is the process of reversing water flow through the filter to flush out trapped debris. Rinse follows to settle the filter media.
23
Q
What is Diatomaceous Earth (DE)?
A
Diatomaceous Earth is a natural powder made from fossilized algae, used as the filtering agent in DE filters.
24
Q
What is the purpose of a mineral feeder?
A
A mineral feeder is a device that slowly releases minerals (like copper or silver) into the water to help sanitize and prevent algae growth.
25
What is a Cartridge Filter?
A cartridge filter uses a pleated fabric cartridge to trap dirt and debris from the pool water. Unlike sand or DE filters, it doesn’t require backwashing—just remove and rinse the cartridge with a hose. You’ll clean these regularly to maintain water clarity.
26
What is a Bypass?
A bypass is a plumbing setup that allows water to flow around a component (e.g., a filter or heater) instead of through it. As a tech, you might use or adjust a bypass valve to isolate equipment for maintenance.
27
What is a Check Valve?
A check valve is a one-way valve that prevents water from flowing backward in the plumbing system. It’s crucial for maintaining circulation direction and avoiding pump damage. You’ll check these for leaks or blockages.
28
What is an O-ring?
An O-ring is a rubber ring used to seal connections between pool equipment (e.g., pumps, valves) to prevent leaks. You’ll replace worn O-rings during repairs and lubricate them with silicone grease.
29
What is a Tank Band?
A tank band is a metal or plastic strap that holds the filter tank together, especially on sand or DE filters. You’ll ensure it’s tight and undamaged during inspections.
30
What is a Clamp?
A clamp secures parts of the pool equipment, like filter lids or pump housings. You’ll use clamps to open or close these components during maintenance.
31
What are Lubricants?
Lubricants (e.g., silicone-based grease) are used to ease the movement of O-rings, valves, and clamps, preventing wear. You’ll apply them during assembly or repairs to ensure smooth operation.
32
What is a Sight Glass?
A sight glass is a transparent section in the plumbing (often near the pump) that lets you see water flow or detect air bubbles. As a tech, you’ll use it to troubleshoot circulation issues.
33
What is a Pressure Gauge?
A pressure gauge measures the pressure in the filtration system, indicating when the filter needs cleaning (e.g., when pressure rises). You’ll monitor this during routine checks.
34
What is a Drain Plug?
The drain plug is a removable cap at the bottom of filters or pumps to drain water for maintenance or winterizing. You’ll use it to empty equipment when needed.
35
What is a Waste Line Valve?
The waste line valve controls the release of dirty water during backwashing or draining. You’ll open it to direct waste away from the pool during filter cleaning.
36
What is Thread Sealant?
Thread sealant (e.g., Teflon tape or pipe dope) is applied to threaded pipe connections to prevent leaks. You’ll use it when installing or repairing plumbing fittings.
37
What is a Skimmer Basket?
The skimmer basket is a removable basket inside the skimmer that catches large debris (leaves, bugs) before water enters the filtration system. You’ll empty and clean it regularly.
38
What are sand filters?
Sand filters are a common type of pool filter that use sand to trap debris. They are recommended for many pools due to their durability and ease of maintenance. You’ll backwash them to clean when the pressure gauge shows high pressure.
39
What is the top manifold in a sand filter?
The top manifold is a part inside a sand filter that distributes water evenly over the sand bed for effective filtration. If it’s damaged, water might not filter properly.
40
What is a diffuser in a sand filter?
The diffuser (sometimes called a lateral assembly) is a component at the bottom of a sand filter that collects filtered water and sends it back to the pool. It ensures even water flow through the sand.
41
What is pea gravel in a sand filter?
Pea gravel is a layer of small stones sometimes placed at the bottom of a sand filter, under the sand, to help with drainage and prevent sand from escaping into the pool.
42
What does 'priming' a pump mean?
'Priming' a pump means filling it with water to remove air and create suction. Pumps need to be primed to work properly, especially after maintenance.
43
What is a heater bypass?
A heater bypass is a valve setup that lets water skip the heater and go straight back to the pool. It is used to isolate the heater for repairs or to save energy.
44
What does 'return' refer to in pool systems?
'Return' refers to the water flowing back into the pool after passing through the pump and filtration system. The pump pushes water to the returns.
45
What are junction boxes?
Junction boxes are electrical enclosures that house wiring connections for pool equipment like pumps or heaters. They should be checked for corrosion or loose wires.
46
What is a TS suction leak?
'TS' likely stands for 'tighten suction,' referring to a suction-side leak when air enters the system before the pump. Troubleshoot by checking O-rings, pipe connections, and the pump lid.
47
What is a gasket?
A gasket is a rubber or silicone seal used between equipment parts to prevent leaks. Replace gaskets if they’re worn out or cracked during maintenance.
48
What are ground and bond wires?
Ground and bond wires are safety features in the electrical system. Ground wires protect against electrical shock, while bond wires connect all metal parts to prevent static buildup.
49
What is freeze protection for pumps?
Freeze protection prevents damage to pumps and other equipment in cold weather. Methods include draining the pump or using a freeze guard.
50
What is a booster pump?
A booster pump is an additional pump used to increase water pressure for specific features, like pool cleaners or water features. Maintain it like a main pump but check its specific role.
51
Don’t Overtighten O-Rings
A reminder that over-tightening O-rings (rubber seals) can damage them, leading to leaks. “Snug is Good” means tighten them just enough to seal—use your hand or a tool lightly.
52
Overtighten Can Cause Leaks
Too much force on O-rings can warp or crack them, breaking the seal and causing water to leak. As a tech, you’ll learn the right pressure through practice.
53
Chlorinator Lid
The chlorinator lid covers the chlorinator, a device that dispenses chlorine into the pool. You’ll open it to add chlorine tablets or check the unit, ensuring it’s secure but not overtightened.
54
What is “Threading” (Re: Pipes)
Threading refers to the process of cutting grooves into pipe ends so they can screw together with fittings. You’ll use thread sealant (like Teflon tape) to prevent leaks when connecting them.
55
Pressure Switch
A pressure switch is a device that turns the pump on or off based on water pressure (e.g., when the filter clogs, pressure rises). You’ll check it if the pump isn’t cycling correctly during maintenance.
56
Manifold
A manifold is a pipe or chamber that distributes water to multiple outlets (e.g., in a filter or heater system). You’ll inspect it for clogs or leaks when troubleshooting water flow issues.
57
Pee Flow Switch
Likely a misspelling of “Free Flow Switch” (common in heaters). This switch ensures water flows through the heater to prevent overheating. You’ll test it if a heater stops working unexpectedly.
58
Clearance Minimum (Re: Heaters)
Clearance minimum refers to the required space around a heater for safe operation and maintenance (e.g., ventilation or access). You’ll check this during installation or inspection to comply with safety codes.
59
What is “Heater Switch”
Likely a typo for “Heater Service” or “Heater Shutoff.” This could mean a manual or automatic switch to turn the heater on/off or service it.
60
Standing Pilot Heater
A standing pilot heater uses a small, continuous flame to ignite the main burner in gas heaters. You’ll check the pilot light during service to ensure it’s lit and adjust it if needed.
61
Combustion Chamber
The combustion chamber is where fuel burns to heat water in a gas heater. You’ll inspect it for soot or damage during heater maintenance, but only with proper training due to gas hazards.
62
“Gas Residual”
Likely “Gas Residue” or “Gas Residuals,” meaning leftover gas or byproducts in the heater system. You’ll check for this during servicing to ensure safe operation and proper ventilation.
63
What is a chlorinator?
A chlorinator is a device that dispenses chlorine into the pool to sanitize the water. You’ll check it to ensure it’s feeding chlorine tablets or liquid properly and clean or refill it as needed.
64
What is a drain plug?
The drain plug is a cap used to drain water from equipment like filters, pumps, or heaters for maintenance or winterizing. You’ll remove it to empty systems and replace it securely afterward.
65
What is a pressure switch?
A pressure switch monitors water pressure in the system and turns the pump on or off accordingly. You’ll test it if the pump isn’t cycling properly during your checks.
66
What is a siphon tube?
A siphon tube is a pipe or hose that uses suction to move water, often in a chlorinator or chemical feeder to draw liquid into the system. You’ll ensure it’s clear and properly positioned to avoid blockages.
67
What is the difference between in-line and off-line chlorinators?
In-line chlorinators are installed directly in the water flow, while off-line chlorinators are separate and draw water through them. You’ll decide which type to service based on the pool setup, checking for tablet levels or leaks.
68
What is a mechanical time clock?
A mechanical time clock is a timer that controls when pool equipment (like pumps or chlorinators) turns on and off. You’ll set or adjust it to match the pool’s filtration schedule.
69
What are suction and return valves?
Suction valves control water entering the pump from skimmers or drains, while return valves manage water going back to the pool. You’ll adjust these to balance water flow during maintenance.
70
What are valve actuators?
Valve actuators are motorized devices that automatically open or close valves. You’ll check their operation or replace them if they fail to move.
71
What are check valve positions?
Check valves prevent backflow, and their positions affect performance. You’ll ensure they’re installed correctly and inspect for proper sealing.
72
What is a diverter shaft?
A diverter shaft is a rod or mechanism inside a valve that redirects water flow. You’ll lubricate or replace it if it’s stiff or leaking.
73
What are air lines?
Air lines are pipes that deliver air to features like air blowers or jets in spas. You’ll check them for leaks or blockages if air features aren’t working.
74
What is an air blower?
An air blower pumps air into the pool or spa to create bubbles or jets, often for massage features. You’ll maintain it by cleaning filters and ensuring proper airflow.
75
What is flex pipe?
Flex pipe is a flexible hose or tubing used in pool plumbing to connect components, allowing for movement or easier installation. You’ll replace it if it cracks or becomes brittle.
76
What are skimmer weirs?
Skimmer weirs are flaps inside the skimmer that move with water flow, allowing debris in while preventing it from floating back out, improving skimming efficiency. You’ll check them for cracks or blockages during routine cleanings.
77
What is the pump housing?
The pump housing is the outer casing of the pump that protects its internal parts, like the motor and impeller. You’ll inspect it for cracks or wear and might need to open it to replace gaskets or seals.
78
What are lid gasket seals?
The lid gasket seal is a rubber ring that seals the pump lid (or filter lid) to prevent leaks. You’ll replace it if it’s worn or cracked, and lubricate it with silicone grease to maintain a good seal.
79
What is an auto-fill system?
An auto-fill system automatically adds water to the pool when the level drops (e.g., due to evaporation). It often uses a float valve. You’ll check it to ensure it’s working and not overfilling the pool.
80
What does checking lights involve?
Checking lights likely refers to checking the indicator lights on equipment (e.g., on a chlorine generator or control panel). These lights show if the system is working or has an error. You’ll troubleshoot based on what the lights indicate.
81
What is a chlorinator-erosion feeder?
An erosion feeder chlorinator slowly dissolves chlorine tablets as water flows over them. You’ll monitor it to ensure it’s dispensing chlorine properly and check for buildup or clogs.
82
What is a chlorine generator (salt water)?
A chlorine generator (or salt chlorine generator) converts salt in the water into chlorine using electrolysis. You’ll maintain it by cleaning the cell, checking salt levels, and ensuring it’s producing chlorine.
83
What does 'bonded' refer to in pools?
Bonding refers to connecting all metal parts of the pool system (e.g., ladders, pumps) with a bonding wire to prevent electrical shock. You’ll inspect bonding wires for corrosion or disconnection during safety checks.
84
What is a bromine feeder?
A bromine feeder dispenses bromine, an alternative sanitizer to chlorine, often used in spas or hot tubs. You’ll check its levels and adjust the feed rate as needed.
85
What is a mineral sanitizer assist?
A mineral sanitizer assist system releases minerals (like silver or copper) to help sanitize the water, reducing chlorine use. You’ll monitor and refill the mineral cartridge during service.
86
What is an ionizer sanitizer?
An ionizer sanitizer uses electrical current to release ions (usually copper and silver) into the water to kill bacteria and algae. You’ll maintain it by cleaning the electrodes and ensuring proper operation.
87
What does an ozone system do?
An ozone system injects ozone gas into the water to sanitize it, reducing the need for chlorine. You’ll check the ozone generator for proper output and ensure it’s integrated into the system correctly.
88
What is a UV system?
A UV (ultraviolet) system uses UV light to kill bacteria and pathogens as water passes through. You’ll ensure the UV bulb is working and clean the quartz sleeve around it to maintain effectiveness.
89
What is AOP?
AOP is an advanced water treatment process that uses a combination of oxidizers (like ozone or UV light with hydrogen peroxide) to break down contaminants and bacteria more effectively than traditional methods.
## Footnote
You might encounter AOP systems in high-end pools or spas and will need to maintain the related equipment.
90
What is Cal-Hypo?
Cal-Hypo, or calcium hypochlorite, is a dry chlorine compound used to sanitize pool water. It increases chlorine levels and calcium hardness.
## Footnote
Handle it carefully (with gloves and a mask) when adding it to the pool or chlorinator, following safety guidelines.
91
What does pH measure in pool water?
pH measures how acidic or basic the pool water is on a scale of 0 to 14 (7 is neutral). The ideal pH for pools is 7.2–7.6. If it’s too low, it can corrode equipment; if too high, it can cause scaling and cloudy water. You’ll test pH with a kit and adjust it using chemicals like muriatic acid or soda ash.
92
What is LSI (Langelier Saturation Index)?
LSI is a formula that predicts if pool water will corrode or form scale on surfaces. It factors in pH, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, temperature, and total dissolved solids. Aim for an LSI between -0.3 and +0.3.
93
What is muriatic acid and its use in pools?
Muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid, HCl) is used to lower pH and total alkalinity in pool water. Add it slowly to the deep end with the pump running, wearing gloves and goggles for safety.
94
What is dry acid and how is it used?
Dry acid, or sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4), is a granular alternative to muriatic acid for lowering pH and alkalinity. Dissolve it in a bucket of water before adding it to the pool.
95
What is total alkalinity (TA) in pool water?
Total alkalinity measures the water’s ability to resist pH changes. The ideal range for pools is 80–120 ppm. If TA is too low, pH fluctuates; if too high, pH is hard to adjust.
96
What are carbonates in relation to pool water?
Carbonates are compounds that contribute to total alkalinity and help stabilize pH. You’ll manage them when adjusting alkalinity levels with chemicals like sodium bicarbonate.
97
What are bicarbonates and their role in pool water?
Bicarbonates are a specific type of carbonate ion that make up most of the total alkalinity in pool water. Sodium bicarbonate adds bicarbonates to raise TA.
98
What are hydroxides and their significance in pools?
Hydroxides are compounds that can increase pH and alkalinity. They’re less common in pools but might be present in some pH-raising chemicals.
99
What is carbonate alkalinity?
Carbonate alkalinity refers to the portion of total alkalinity coming from carbonate and bicarbonate ions. It’s the main contributor to TA in pools.
100
What is cyanurate alkalinity?
Cyanurate alkalinity comes from cyanuric acid (CYA), a stabilizer that protects chlorine from UV breakdown. CYA contributes to total alkalinity readings.
101
What is Cyanuric Acid (CYA)?
Cyanuric acid (CYA) is a stabilizer that protects chlorine from breaking down due to sunlight. The ideal range for pools is 30–50 ppm. You’ll test CYA with a kit and add it if levels are too low, but avoid overdoing it to prevent chlorine lock.
102
What are Stabilizers?
Stabilizers refer to chemicals like cyanuric acid that shield chlorine from UV degradation. You’ll monitor and maintain stabilizer levels to ensure effective sanitation.
103
What is Carbonate Alkalinity (True Alkalinity)?
Carbonate alkalinity is the portion of total alkalinity from carbonate and bicarbonate ions, considered the 'true' alkalinity affecting pH stability. You’ll adjust it with sodium bicarbonate or muriatic acid to keep it in the 80–120 ppm range.
104
What is a Sanitizer?
A sanitizer is any chemical or system (e.g., chlorine, bromine) that kills bacteria and algae in the water. You’ll test and maintain sanitizer levels based on the pool type.
105
What is TCCA?
TCCA (Trichloroisocyanuric Acid) is an acidic chlorine-based sanitizer (pH around 2.8–3.0) that dissolves slowly and stabilizes chlorine. You’ll use it in floating dispensers or erosion feeders, wearing gloves due to its low pH.
106
What are Hypochlorites?
Hypochlorites (e.g., calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite) are basic chlorine sanitizers (pH around 10–12). You’ll add them to raise chlorine levels, but they can increase pH, so you’ll monitor and adjust afterward.
107
What is Cal Hypo?
Calcium hypochlorite (Cal-Hypo) is a dry, basic chlorine sanitizer that also adds calcium hardness. You’ll dissolve it in water before adding it to the pool, wearing protective gear due to its strong oxidizing nature.
108
What is Trichlor?
Trichlor (Trichloroisocyanuric Acid) is another name for TCCA, an acidic, stabilized chlorine used in tablets or sticks. You’ll place it in a chlorinator or feeder, checking it doesn’t over-stabilize the water with CYA.
109
What is pH Drift?
pH drift is the natural tendency of pool water pH to rise over time due to factors like sunlight, algae, or chemical additions. You’ll regularly test and lower pH with muriatic acid or dry acid to keep it in the 7.2–7.6 range.
110
What is Bromine?
Bromine is an alternative sanitizer, often used in spas or indoor pools, with a stable range of 3–5 ppm. You’ll maintain it with bromine tablets or a feeder, noting it’s less affected by pH than chlorine.
111
What is Dichlor?
Dichlor (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) is a fast-dissolving, stabilized chlorine sanitizer (pH near neutral, around 6.5–7.0). You’ll use it for quick chlorine boosts, especially in shock treatments.
112
What is pH MB?
Likely 'pH Minus' (a term for pH-lowering chemicals like dry acid or muriatic acid) used with sanitizers. You’ll apply it to balance pH after adding basic sanitizers like Cal-Hypo.
113
What is Soda Ash?
Soda ash (sodium carbonate) is a basic chemical used to raise pH and total alkalinity. You’ll dissolve it in water and add it slowly to avoid cloudiness, targeting a pH of 7.2–7.6.
114
What is Calcium Hardness (CH)?
Calcium hardness (CH) measures the calcium content in water, with an ideal range of 200–400 ppm for pools. Too low causes corrosion; too high causes scaling. You’ll raise it with calcium chloride or lower it by diluting with fresh water.
115
What is Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂) used for in pool chemistry?
Calcium chloride is a chemical used to raise calcium hardness (CH) in pool water. The ideal CH range is 200–400 ppm. You’ll dissolve it in a bucket of water and add it slowly to the pool to prevent scaling, wearing protective gear.
116
What is a sequestering agent?
A sequestering agent binds to metals like iron or copper in the water, preventing staining or scaling. You’ll add it if you notice metal discoloration and follow the product’s dosage instructions.
117
What is scaling in pool maintenance?
Scaling is the buildup of calcium or mineral deposits on pool surfaces, equipment, or return lines, often due to high calcium hardness or improper water balance. You’ll prevent it by maintaining LSI and use a sequestering agent or acid wash if it occurs.
118
What are return lines in a pool system?
Return lines are the pipes that carry filtered water back into the pool from the pump and filter system. You’ll check them for clogs, scale buildup, or leaks during maintenance to ensure proper water circulation.
119
What does the LSI formula calculate?
The LSI formula calculates the Langelier Saturation Index, which predicts if water will corrode or scale. It uses pH, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, temperature, and total dissolved solids. The goal is an LSI of -0.3 to +0.3.
120
What should you do before adding calcium chloride?
Test calcium hardness (CH) first to avoid overcorrecting—too much can lead to scaling. Add it in small doses and retest after 24 hours.
121
How can you prevent scaling in a pool?
Regularly check return lines for white or gray deposits (scale). If present, adjust water balance (lower pH or CH if needed) and use a sequestering agent.
122
What is a key tool for maintaining water balance?
Learning to use an LSI calculator is essential. You can ask a senior tech to walk you through it.
123
What safety precautions should you take when handling calcium chloride?
Handle calcium chloride with gloves and goggles, and add it to water (not water to chemical) to avoid a reaction.
124
What is a salt chlorine generator?
A device that converts salt (sodium chloride) in pool water into chlorine through electrolysis.
125
What is the salt concentration in pool water for a salt chlorine generator?
Around 3,000–4,000 ppm, which is much less salty than seawater.
126
How does a salt chlorine generator produce chlorine?
It uses a salt cell to produce chlorine gas, which dissolves into the water to sanitize it.
127
What is a benefit of using a salt chlorine generator?
It reduces the need for manual chlorine additions and provides a steady chlorine level.
128
What is a meniscus?
The meniscus is the curve at the top of the water level in a test tube or cylinder, caused by surface tension. When reading test kit results, you’ll look at the bottom of the meniscus at eye level for accuracy.
129
What are reagents?
Reagents are chemicals used in test kits to react with pool water and indicate levels of pH, chlorine, alkalinity, etc., through color changes. You’ll handle them carefully, following kit instructions, and store them in a cool, dry place.
130
What is the 'Endpoint + 1' Rule?
This likely refers to a testing guideline where you add one extra drop of reagent past the color change endpoint to ensure a clear result. You’ll practice this to get consistent readings.
131
What is an EPA Registered Sanitizer?
An EPA Registered Sanitizer is a sanitizer approved by the Environmental Protection Agency for safety and effectiveness. You’ll ensure any chemicals you use have this registration for legal and client safety.
132
What are supplemental sanitizers?
Supplemental sanitizers are additional sanitizing agents that support the primary sanitizer. You’ll maintain these systems to enhance water quality.
133
What is hypochlorous acid?
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the active form of chlorine that kills bacteria and algae in pool water. You’ll monitor free chlorine levels (1–3 ppm) to ensure it’s present.
134
What is Free Available Chlorine (FAC)?
Free Available Chlorine (FAC) is the chlorine in the water available to sanitize, measured as 1–3 ppm with a test kit. You’ll adjust it by adding chlorine products if it drops too low.
135
What are hypochlorites?
Hypochlorites are chlorine compounds that release hypochlorous acid when dissolved in water. You’ll use them to raise chlorine levels, noting they can affect pH.
136
What is chlorine gas?
Chlorine gas (Cl₂) is a highly reactive form of chlorine used industrially or in large pools, but it’s rare in residential settings due to safety risks.
137
What does SCG stand for?
SCG likely stands for 'Salt Chlorine Generator,' a system that produces chlorine from salt in the water. You’ll maintain the salt cell and monitor its output.
138
What is IsoS?
IsoS might be shorthand for 'Isocyanurates' or 'Stabilized Chlorine,' which contain cyanuric acid to protect chlorine from UV rays. You’ll use these products to maintain chlorine levels in outdoor pools.
139
What is shock treatment?
Shock treatment involves adding a high dose of chlorine to quickly oxidize contaminants, clear cloudy water, or kill algae. You’ll use sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, testing afterward to return to normal levels.
140
What is sodium hypochlorite?
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is liquid chlorine used for shocking or regular sanitizing. You’ll add it with the pump running, wearing protective gear.
141
What is Dichlor?
Dichlor (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) is a fast-dissolving, stabilized chlorine sanitizer in granular form with a near-neutral pH (6.5–7.0) and contains cyanuric acid. You’ll use it for quick chlorine boosts or shock treatments, adding it directly to the pool with the pump running.
142
What is Trichlor?
Trichlor (Trichloroisocyanuric Acid) is a slow-dissolving, acidic chlorine sanitizer in tablet form (pH around 2.8–3.0). It’s stabilized with cyanuric acid and placed in floaters or chlorinators. You’ll monitor its use to avoid over-stabilizing the water with CYA.
143
What is Cyanuric Acid?
Cyanuric acid (CYA) is a stabilizer that protects chlorine from UV breakdown, with an ideal range of 30–50 ppm. You’ll test and add it (as a granular stabilizer) if levels are low, but too much can cause chlorine lock, reducing its effectiveness.
144
What is Cryptosporidium?
Cryptosporidium is a chlorine-resistant parasite that can cause diarrhea and is spread through contaminated pool water. You’ll need to superchlorinate (shock) the pool to kill it, maintaining free chlorine at 10–20 ppm for at least 8 hours, and advise clients on proper hygiene.
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What are Chloramines?
Chloramines are combined chlorine compounds formed when free chlorine binds with ammonia or organic waste, causing a strong chlorine smell and eye irritation. The “very bad” note highlights their undesirability. You’ll eliminate them with shock treatment or superchlorination.
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What is the difference between DPD and OTO?
DPD (N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) and OTO (Orthotolidine) are test reagents used to measure chlorine levels. DPD tests distinguish free and total chlorine with color changes (pink), while OTO tests total chlorine (yellow). You’ll use DPD kits for accuracy in your testing routine.
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What is Superchlorination?
Superchlorination, or shocking, involves adding a high dose of chlorine (10–20 ppm) to oxidize contaminants, kill algae, or break down chloramines. You’ll do this at dusk or night, retest after 8–12 hours, and adjust levels back to normal.
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What does PMP stand for?
PMP refers to any chemical or product used to maintain pool water quality, such as sanitizers, pH adjusters, or oxidizers.
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What is Bromine used for?
Bromine is a sanitizer alternative to chlorine, often used in spas or indoor pools because it’s more stable at high temperatures and less affected by pH swings. The ideal range is 3–5 ppm.
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How do you maintain Bromine levels?
You’ll maintain it using bromine tablets or a feeder, ensuring proper levels with a test kit.
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What is the Bromine Cycle?
The bromine cycle refers to how bromine sanitizes: it reacts with contaminants to form bromamines, which can still disinfect.
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How do you monitor the Bromine Cycle?
You’ll monitor this cycle by testing bromine levels and adding oxidizers like MPS to regenerate active bromine.
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What is Biguanide (PHMB)?
Biguanide (Polyhexamethylene Biguanide, or PHMB) is a non-chlorine sanitizer used in some pools.
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How does Biguanide work?
It kills bacteria without chlorine or bromine but requires specific maintenance, such as using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer.
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What are the ideal PHMB levels?
You’ll test PHMB levels (30–50 ppm) and avoid mixing with chlorine products.
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What is Monopersulfate (MPS)?
Monopersulfate (MPS, or potassium monopersulfate) is a non-chlorine oxidizer used to 'shock' pools.
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When do you use MPS?
You’ll add it to clear cloudy water or remove organic waste, following dosage instructions.
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What are Non-Chlorine Oxidizers?
Non-chlorine oxidizers (like MPS) oxidize contaminants without raising chlorine levels.
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When are Non-Chlorine Oxidizers used?
You’ll use them to maintain water clarity in alternative sanitizer systems.
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What is Ozone in pool maintenance?
Ozone systems inject ozone gas (O₃) into the water to oxidize and sanitize, reducing chlorine use.
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How do you maintain an Ozone system?
You’ll maintain the ozone generator, ensuring it’s producing ozone and checking for proper integration into the system.
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What is UV in pool maintenance?
UV (ultraviolet) systems use UV light to kill bacteria and pathogens as water passes through.
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How do you maintain a UV system?
You’ll clean the UV sleeve and replace the bulb as needed (usually annually) to keep it effective.
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What does AOP stand for?
AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process) combines oxidizers like ozone and UV to create hydroxyl radicals for superior sanitation.
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How do you maintain AOP systems?
You’ll maintain AOP systems by checking both ozone and UV components, ensuring they work together.
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What are Hydroxyl Radicals?
Hydroxyl radicals are powerful oxidants created in AOP systems from ozone + UV.
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How do Hydroxyl Radicals improve water quality?
They destroy contaminants more effectively than chlorine alone, improving water quality.
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How do you ensure the AOP system is functioning?
You’ll ensure the AOP system is functioning to produce these radicals.
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What is channeling in sand filters?
Channeling happens in sand filters when water creates pathways (channels) through the sand, bypassing most of the filter media. This reduces filtration efficiency. You’ll prevent it by ensuring proper backwashing and occasionally stirring the sand to break up clumps.
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What is diatomite?
Diatomite (or diatomaceous earth, DE) is a silica-based sedimentary rock used in DE filters. It’s made from fossilized diatoms and traps fine particles for excellent filtration. You’ll add DE powder to the filter through the skimmer after backwashing, wearing a mask to avoid inhaling it.
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What is a surfactant?
A surfactant (surface-active agent) reduces water’s surface tension, helping to break down oils and organic debris. In pools, it’s used in cleaners or as a 'backwash aid' to improve cleaning. You’ll add it during maintenance to enhance filter performance.
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What is a backwash aid?
A backwash aid (often a surfactant or clarifier) is a product added before backwashing to help loosen dirt and oils from the filter media. You’ll use it to improve the effectiveness of backwashing sand or DE filters.
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What does circulation refer to in filtration?
Circulation refers to the movement of water through the pool’s filtration system (pump, filter, returns). Good circulation ensures even distribution of chemicals and removes debris. You’ll check for blockages or air leaks to maintain proper flow.
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What is a Variable Speed Pump (VSP)?
VSP stands for Variable Speed Pump, which allows you to adjust the pump’s speed for different tasks (e.g., low speed for filtration, high for cleaning). You’ll set it to optimize energy use and filtration efficiency, ensuring proper turnover.
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What are directional returns?
Directional returns are adjustable fittings on return lines that let you direct water flow into the pool. You’ll adjust them to improve circulation, aiming them downward or across the pool to avoid 'dead spots' where debris collects.
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What is turnover in relation to circulation?
Turnover is the time it takes for all the pool water to pass through the filtration system once (e.g., 8–12 hours for a residential pool). Circulation is the ongoing movement of water. You’ll calculate turnover (pool volume ÷ flow rate) to ensure the system is running long enough each day.
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What does the time for pool water to run through the system refer to?
This refers to the turnover rate, or how long the pump needs to run to filter the entire pool volume. For example, a 20,000-gallon pool with a 40 GPM (gallons per minute) pump takes 500 minutes (8.3 hours). You’ll adjust pump run time to achieve at least one turnover daily.
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What is Gage & Bidwell’s Law of Dilution?
Gage & Bidwell’s Law of Dilution states that dilution of contaminants in water requires multiple turnovers (not just one) for effective removal. You’ll use this principle when shocking or treating pools—run the system for several turnovers to fully dilute chemicals.
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What are the types of stains in pools?
Stains in pools can be metallic (from metals like iron or copper, often green or brown) or organic (from algae, leaves, or debris, often green or black). You’ll identify the type with testing (e.g., metal test kits) and treat accordingly—sequestering agents for metals, shocking for organics.
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What are algae?
Algae are microscopic plants that grow in pool water, causing discoloration, cloudiness, or slippery surfaces. They thrive in warm, sunny conditions with low sanitizer levels. You’ll treat algae by shocking the pool and using an algaecide, while maintaining proper water chemistry.
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What is green algae?
Green algae is the most common type, making water cloudy or green and forming slimy patches on pool surfaces. It’s usually easy to treat. You’ll brush the pool walls, shock the pool to 10–20 ppm free chlorine, and add an algaecide, then run the filter continuously until the water clears.
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What is mustard algae?
Mustard algae (also called yellow algae) is yellowish-brown and often appears as powdery spots on pool walls or in corners. It’s more resistant than green algae. You’ll brush it off, shock the pool (20 ppm chlorine), and use a mustard-specific algaecide, ensuring good circulation and filtration.
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What is black algae?
Black algae (black spot algae) appears as dark, blackish-green spots with root-like structures that anchor into pool surfaces, often in cracks or grout. It’s the hardest to remove. You’ll scrub it vigorously with a stiff brush, shock the pool (20–30 ppm chlorine), and apply a black algae-specific algaecide, possibly needing multiple treatments.
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What are cyanobacteria?
Cyanobacteria (sometimes called blue-green algae, though not true algae) are bacteria that can grow in pools, often resembling green or mustard algae. They can produce toxins and are resistant to chlorine. You’ll treat them similarly to algae (shock and algaecide), but if they persist, you might need to consult a specialist or health authority due to potential health risks.
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What are Quats in algae treatment?
"Quats" refers to quaternary ammonium compounds, a type of algaecide used to kill algae in pools. They work by disrupting algae cell walls, making them effective against green, mustard, and black algae. You’ll add quats according to the product label, typically after shocking the pool, to prevent or treat algae growth.
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What is Polyquat?
Polyquat is a specific type of quaternary ammonium algaecide (e.g., polyquaternium compounds) that’s especially effective and gentler on pool surfaces. It’s often used for long-term algae prevention. You’ll apply it as a maintenance dose (e.g., weekly) or during algae treatment, following dosage instructions to avoid foaming.
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What are Copper-based algaecides?
Copper-based algaecides (e.g., copper sulfate or chelated copper) are used to kill algae by releasing copper ions, which are toxic to algae. They’re effective but can stain pool surfaces if overused (e.g., causing blue-green stains). You’ll use copper algaecides sparingly, ensuring copper levels stay below 0.2–0.3 ppm to avoid staining, and test with a copper test kit if needed.
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What are nitrates?
Nitrates are nitrogen compounds that can enter pool water from fertilizers, rain, or organic debris. They promote algae growth if levels are high (above 10–20 ppm). You’ll test for nitrates with a kit and reduce them by diluting the water with fresh water or using an oxidizer.
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What are clarifiers?
Clarifiers are chemicals (e.g., polyquats or aluminum sulfate) that clump small particles together, making them easier for the filter to remove. You’ll add them to clear cloudy water, following the dosage (e.g., 1–2 oz per 10,000 gallons), and run the filter for 24 hours.
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What are filter aids?
Filter aids (e.g., DE powder for DE filters or special media for sand filters) enhance filtration by improving the filter’s ability to trap fine particles. You’ll add them during backwashing or filter maintenance to boost performance.
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What is flocculation?
Flocculation is the process where flocculants (e.g., alum or polymers) clump tiny particles into larger ones (flocs) that sink to the bottom or are filtered out. You’ll use flocculation to clear very cloudy water, adding the product and letting it settle before vacuuming to waste.
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What does 'vacuum to waste' mean?
Vacuuming to waste means removing settled flocs or debris directly to the waste line (bypassing the filter) after flocculation. You’ll switch the multi-port valve to 'waste' and vacuum the pool bottom to avoid clogging the filter with the settled particles.
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What are enzymes in pool maintenance?
Enzymes are natural or synthetic catalysts that break down organic contaminants like oils, sunscreen, or sweat in pool water. You’ll add enzyme products weekly or monthly to prevent buildup, improving water clarity and reducing filter strain.
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What are chloramines?
Chloramines are compounds formed when free chlorine in pool water binds with ammonia or nitrogen-containing contaminants.
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What contaminants can form chloramines?
Contaminants include sweat, urine, or organic debris.
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How effective are chloramines as sanitizers compared to free chlorine?
Chloramines are less effective as sanitizers than free chlorine.
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What are the common signs of chloramines in pools?
Chloramines are responsible for the strong 'chlorine smell' and eye/skin irritation often noticed in pools.
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Why are chloramines considered undesirable?
Chloramines indicate poor water quality and can harbor bacteria if not addressed.
