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1
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

A formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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2
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

A formula which shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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3
Q

What is molar gas volume

A

The volume of one mole of gas under specified conditions of temperature and pressure

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4
Q

How is percentage yield calculated?

A

% Yield = (actual yield of product / theoretical yield of product) * 100

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5
Q

What is atom economy?

A

% Atom Economy = (mass of desired products / total mass of products) * 100

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6
Q

Define homologous series.

A

Compounds which have the same general formula, similar chemical properties, show a gradation in physical properties and successive members differ by a CH₂ unit.

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7
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Reactive group within a compound

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8
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules which have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

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9
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

Molecules which have the same structural formula, but different arrangements of atoms due to the presence of one or more C-C bond

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10
Q

What characterizes a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains no C=C or C= (3) C bond

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11
Q

What defines a hydrocarbon?

A

Contains hydrogen and carbon only

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12
Q

What is substitution in chemistry?

A

Replacing one atom or group with a different atom or group

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13
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Bond breaking in which one of the shared electrons goes to each atom

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14
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

Bond breaking in which both electrons in the shared pair go to a single atom

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15
Q

Define a radical.

A

A particle with an unpaired electron

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16
Q

What defines an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains at least one C=C or C= (3) C bond.

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17
Q

What is a sigma bond?

A

A covalent bond formed by the linear overlap of atomic orbitals

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18
Q

What is a pi bond?

A

A covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals

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19
Q

What is bond length?

A

The distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms

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20
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Addition of a hydrogen molecule across a C=C

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21
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An ion or molecule that attacks regions of high electron density

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22
Q

What is a primary carbocation?

A

A carbocation which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.

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23
Q

What is a secondary carbocation?

A

A carbocation which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.

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24
Q

What is a tertiary carbocation?

A

A carbocation which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.

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25
What is polymerisation?
Joining together of many small molecules (monomers) to form a large molecule.
26
What are monomers?
Many small molecules which join together to form a polymer.
27
What is a polymer?
A large molecule formed when monomers join together.
28
What is a primary halogenoalkane?
A halogenoalkane which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen. ## Footnote Exceptions are halomethanes.
29
What is a secondary halogenoalkane?
A halogenoalkane which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen.
30
What is a tertiary halogenoalkane?
A halogenoalkane which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen.
31
What is reflux?
Repeated boiling and condensing of a (reaction) mixture.
32
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking up molecules by reaction with water.
33
What is a nucleophile?
An ion or molecule with a lone pair of electrons that attacks regions of low electron density.
34
What is elimination?
A reaction in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule.
35
What is miscibility?
Liquids which mix in all proportions, i.e., form a single layer.
36
What is a primary alcohol?
An alcohol which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group. ## Footnote Exceptions is methanol.
37
What is a secondary alcohol?
An alcohol which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group.
38
What is a tertiary alcohol?
An alcohol which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the -OH group.
39
What is the ground state?
A molecule vibration which is in its lowest possible energy state.
40
What is wavenumber?
The reciprocal of the wavelength and it is measured in cm-1.
41
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants.
42
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is less than the enthalpy of the reactants.
43
What are standard conditions?
298K and 100 kPa.
44
What is standard enthalpy change?
Change in heat energy at constant pressure, measured at standard conditions.
45
What is standard enthalpy of combustion?
The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.
46
What is standard enthalpy of formation?
The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions.
47
What is standard enthalpy of neutralisation?
The enthalpy change when one mole of water is produced in a neutralisation reaction under standard conditions.
48
What does the conversation of energy state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change from one form into another.
49
What is Hess's Law?
The enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same.
50
What is average bond enthalpy?
The energy required to break one mole of a given bond averaged over many compounds.
51
What is reaction rate?
The change of the concentration (amount) of a reactant or product with respect to time.
52
What is a catalyst?
A substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction but does not get used up.
53
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur.
54
What does reversible mean in chemistry?
A reaction which goes in both the forward and backwards directions.
55
What is dynamic equilibria?
Rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backwards reaction.
56
What is equilibrum?
A reversible reaction in which the amount of each reactant/product remains constant.
57
What is homogeneous equilibria?
A reaction in which all the reactants and products are in the same physical state.
58
What is heterogeneous equilibria?
A reaction in which all the reactants and products are not in the same physical state.
59
What is Kc?
Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b for a reaction in the format aA + bB → cC + dD.
60
What is heterogeneous catalyst?
The catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants.
61
What is an s-block element?
An element which has an atom with highest energy/outer electron in an s-subshell (orbital).
62
What is solubility?
The maximum mass of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a stated temperature.

As 2 Terms (3 decks)

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