Terms

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

the creation of new individuals whose genes all come from one parent, the offspring are therefore all genetically identical.

Question 2

Binary Fission

Answer 2

The simple cell duplicates all the essential parts of the cell before dividing into two daughter cells

Question 3

Budding offspring

Answer 3

offspring forms as a bud on the side of the parent organism. For example; yeast, succulants/plants or jellyfish

Question 4

Spores

Answer 4

fungi have spores that when released, may develop into offspring identical to the parent fungi

Question 5

Vegetative propagation

Answer 5

non-sexual parts of the plant are used to develop new individuals of the same type

Question 6

Regeneration

Answer 6

organisms can regrow replacement body parts. For example, starfish can completely regenerate replacement limbs

Question 7

Parthogenesis

Answer 7

in some animals, the female produces eggs, but they develop into embryos without fertilisation. For example, queen bee makes “workerbee” eggs without fertilisation.

Question 8

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 8

sexual reproduction involves the fertilisation - the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from two parents

Question 9

Benefits of Asexual reproduction

Answer 9

• organisms living in isolation allows production of offspring without locating mates
• create lots of offspring in short amount of times

Question 10

Negatives of Asexual reproduction

Answer 10

• limited genetic diversity withing the offspring as they are clones

Question 11

Benefits of sexual reproduction

Answer 11

• genetics diversities - species are able to better survive if the environment changes or if there is a disease

Question 12

Negatives of sexual reproduction

Answer 12

• requires two organisms
• requires more energy to find a mate and rear offspring

Question 13

What are the types of Fertilisation

Answer 13

can happen in two different ways - internal and external

Question 14

Internal fertilisation

Answer 14

fertilisation of eggs occurs inside the body

Question 15

What are the two kinds of internal fertilisation?

Answer 15

• the offspring can be retained and developed in the body e.g. koala
• enclosed in protective shell and released e.g. birds

Question 16

External Fertilisation

Answer 16

fertilisation of eggs occurs outside the body e.g. fish

Question 17

What are some reproductive strategies?

Answer 17

R-selection, K-selection, Pheromones and Using sounds

Question 18

R-selection

Answer 18

tend to dominate temporary environments, quick reproduction allows for rapid population growth.
- provide little to no parental care
- very small percentage of young survive long enough to reach sexual maturity
- e.g. rabbits, mosquitoes or toads

Question 19

K-selection

Answer 19

tend to dominate stable environments where there is a lower likelihood of sudden environmental change
- invest a lot of time and effort in caring for young
- fewer young but greatly increased chances of survival
- e.g. humans or elephants

Question 20

Pheromones

Answer 20

chemicals called pheromones can be used to communicate between members of the same species. These animals can help animals to locate a mate.
- e.g. dogs

Question 21

Using sounds

Answer 21

some animals can use sound to communicate across long distances
- e.g. whales

Question 22

Female reproductive system

Answer 22

female reproductive system has the role of producing a baby and it starts at the ovaries.

Question 23

Ovaries

Answer 23

two ovaries contain hundreds of undeveloped female sex cells called eggs or ova. One ovum is released each month alternating between the left and right ovaries

Question 24

Fallopian tubes (Oviducts)

Answer 24

these connect the ovaries to the uterus and are the usual site of fertilisation

Question 25

Uterus

Answer 25

is also known as the womb and is a muscular bag with a soft lining called the endometrium. A fertilised egg can burrow into the endometrium (this is called implantation). If the gg is not fertilised is passes out of the uterus through the lower end.

Question 26

Cervix

Answer 26

a ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus. The job of the cervix is to contract tightly to hold the uterus closed while the baby develops.

Question 27

Vagina

Answer 27

a muscular tube 7.5 - 9 cm in length that leads from the cervix to the outside of the body.

Question 28

Male reproductive system

Answer 28

the role of the male reproductive system is to produce and deliver sperm. Sperm is produced in two testes/testicals.

Question 29

Testes

Answer 29

testes hang outside the body in a sack called the scrotum. the sperm is squeezed into a tube called the epididymis where they mature.

Question 30

Vas defernes

Answer 30

to get outside the body the sperm are squeezed by muscles into a hollow tube called the sperm duct of vas deferens.

Question 31

Prostate gland

Answer 31

fluid is added to the sperm by the prostate gland which protects it from any residual urine and contains chemicals including sugar to provide energy for the sperm.

Question 32

Urethra

Answer 32

the semen (sperm + fluid) passes out of the penis through the urethra which is the same tube urine flows.

Question 33

Copulation

Answer 33

several hundred million sperm are deposited near the cervix. They swim through the cervix through the uterus and into the fallopian tube. If there is an egg they may fertilise it.

Question 34

Fertilisation

Answer 34

the fusion of two sex cells (gametes) zygote - the cell created from fertilisation

Question 35

How does the baby develop and also become sick in the womb?

Answer 35

It is attached to the placenta by an umbilical cord - this passes nourishment, viruses and harmful substances.

Question 36

Puberty

Answer 36

main purpose of puberty is to enable people to start producing children. This is triggered by sex glands producing hormones.

Question 37

Menstrual cycle

Answer 37

a period generally last about 4-6 days. Every month the lining of the uterus prepares itself for the fertilised egg. The shedding of the uterus lining or menstruation is the result f the egg not being fertilised.

Question 38

What is the menstrual cycle controlled by?

Answer 38

It is controlled by a complex interaction of 4 different hormones.

Question 39

What are the four different hormones the menstrual cycle is controlled by?

Answer 39

Oestrogen, progesterone, Luteinising hormone (LH) ad Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 40

Oestrogen

Answer 40

produced in the ovaries and stimulates the uterus lining growth

Question 41

Progesterone

Answer 41

maintains the lining of the uterus and makes it healthy for a growing fetus. If progesterone levels drop then the uterus lining breaks down and restarts the cycle.

Question 42

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

Answer 42

stimulate the release of the egg of day 14

Question 43

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 43

stimulates on of the eggs to mature in one of the ovaries.

Question 44

How do these sex hormones interact during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 44

FSH stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen. Then as oestrogen levels increase, it starts to inhibit the FSH. When the oestrogen levels get high it stimulates the release of LH. Progesterone inhibits both LH and FSH. After enough time of no fertilisation, the progesterone levels drop again restarting the production of FSH.

Question 45

Contraceptives

Answer 45

a device or substance used to prevent unplanned pregnancies.

Question 46

Hormonal contraceptives

Answer 46

these release oestrogen and/or progesterone into the body, tricking the body into thinking the woman is already pregnant. These can be implanted, injected or taken as pills.

Question 47

Copper IUD

Answer 47

a non-hormonal IUD option. The copper wire produces and inflammatory reaction that is toxic to sperm and ova preventing pregnancy.