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terms 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

communities are defined by:

A

taxonomic affinity
guild (specis that use the same resource)
functional group (species that function in similar ways eg nitrogen fixing plants)

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2
Q

what is a guild

A

species that use the same resource eg flower feeders

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3
Q

what is a funtional group

A

species that function in similar ways eg nitrogen fixing plants

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4
Q

key elements of comunity structure are:

A

species composition
species ecological inter-relationships
species diversity

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5
Q

species diversity

A

combines two aspects of a comunity: species richness and species evenness

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6
Q

species richness

A

the number of speces in a comunity

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7
Q

species evenness

A

relative abundances compared with one another

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8
Q

Shannon index

A

H= - sum of all proportion of individuals in the ith from species times ln(proportion of individuals in the ith species)

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9
Q

what is the maximum value for evenness?

A

1

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10
Q

Speces accumulation curve

A

species richness plotted as a function of total number o findividuals counted
help determine when most of all of the soecies in a commuity have been observed
most cases the hreshold where no new speces are counted is never found b/c there are always new, rare specesis to add

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11
Q

species-area relationship

A

species richness increases with area sampled (assuming simialr effort eg similar number of individuals sampled in each area)

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12
Q

communities are defined by:

A

taxonomic affinity
guild (specis that use the same resource)
functional group (species that function in similar ways eg nitrogen fixing plants)

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13
Q

The Theory of Island Biogeography

A

A method for asking how island area and isolation can act together to produce commonly observed species diversity patterns.
- Species richness S depends on the balance between immigration and extinction
- probabilities of immigration and extinction depend on the number of species already present and island characteristics such as size and isolation
- assumes: that all species are equivalent, making it a neutral model

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14
Q

Describe the extinction curve on the equilibrium model of biogeography island biogeography graph

A

1- When island S is small, life is easy, with few predators or competitors. The rate is therefore relatively low.
2- The larger the island S becomes, the more probable that resources will be used up efficiently. Thus many species that have established will experience a reduction in their density.
3- When island S is very high, any disturbance or resource-shortage is increasingly likely to wipe out the small, stressed populations present, so the rate rises to a high value

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15
Q

The extinction rate (or probability of extinction) is influenced by…

A

area.
Compared to some “average-sized” island at a given distance from the source area, the rates are expected to shift higher on small islands, but remain lower on large islands, leading to different Seq values.

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16
Q

Describe the immigration curve on the equilibrium model of biogeography island biogeography graph

A

1- When island S is small, nearly any successfully-establishing species will be a “new” one to the island- an immigrant. The rate is therefore relatively high.
2- The rate reduces because the source area contains only a limited number of species which have the capacity to reach the island- many of these will arrive and establish quickly, and once they have done so, they can no longer count as “new”
3- The more species reach the island, the fewer are left at the source -so “new” species run out, and the rate tails off to approach zero

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17
Q

The immigration rate is influenced mainly by

A

isolation distance. Compared to some “average-distance-from-source” island of a given size, the rates are expected to shift lower on hard-to-reach islands, but remain higher on more accessible islands, again leading to different Seq values.

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18
Q

neutral model

A

neutral models ignore species identity and focus on probabilistic processes of speciation, immigration and extinction
eg: Island biogeography theory (speciation is not important in the Island Biogeography theory

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19
Q

How does population size change through time

A

change in N = birth - death + Immigration - Emigration

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20
Q

How does species richness (S) change through time?

A

change in S = speciation -extinction + immigration
(speciation - extinction = diversification)

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21
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of patterns of species composition and diversity across geographic location

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22
Q

What ae some important patterns seen with taxa by the forest tour

A
  • species richness and composition vary with latitude
  • in general, lower latitudes have many more and different species than higher latitudes
  • species richness and composition also vary by region of the world even at similar latitudes
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23
Q

What controls these large scale biogeographic patterns?

A

Wallace notes
- Land masses can be divided into six Biogeographic regions (corresponding roughly to earths tectonic plates)
- there is a gradient of species diversity with latitude
continental drift has resulted in unique flora nad fauna in some regions as time of isolation has given more time for evolutionary change and distinctive species

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24
Q

What drives the latitudinal diversity gradient?

A

There is still debate but most hypotheses fall into three categories:
-Diversification rate: the tropics have a higher rate of species diversification
- Diversification time: There has been more time form diversification in the tropics
- Productivity or carrying capacity: The tropics can support more species

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25
Global scale patterns of species diversity and composition are the result of...
variation in speciation, extinction and dispersal at latitudinal and continental spatial scales and evolutionary time scales
26
Regional scale patterns of species diversity and composition are driven by and called
Gamma diversity, and are driven by dispersal across the landscape
27
Local and regional scales (landscape scale) are connected by___, which is ___ (___ diversity)
connected by turnover, which is the difference in species diversity and composition (beta diversity) from one community type to another across the landscape
28
Local scale patterns of species diversity and composition (___ diversity) are driven by,
(alpha diversity) is driven by physical conditions and species interactions
29
Intraspecific competition
a non-trophic interaction in which individuals of the same species are harmed by their shared use of a resource that limits their ability to grow, reproduce or survive (leads to density-dependent population growth and sets K)
30
Interspecific competition
a non-trophic interaction in which individuals of different species are harmed by their shared use of a resource that limits their ability to grow reproduce or survive
31
exploitation competition
reducing access to a resource by reducing the availability of that resource (an indirect effect)
32
Interference compition
reducing access to a resource by directly interfering with a competitor (a direct effect)
33
limiting resource, example
Recourses are components of the environment (eg, food water light and space) that are required by species. A limiting resource is one in which limits growth, abundance or distribution of an organism or population of organisms
34
competitive exclusion, example
Two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist indefinitely Example: Cthamalus and Semibalanus competing for space along a gradient of intertidal height. Sembalanus settle throughout the intertidal and survives everywhere but the very high shore Chthamalus is more stress tolerant: it settles above mean tidal level, but only survives on the very high shore due to competition with semibalanus
35
fundamental niche
the full set of resources, plus other biotic and abiotic requirements of a species, that allow it to survive, grow and reproduce
36
realized niche
the restricted set of resources or condition a species is limited to, due to species interactions
37
Resource partitioning
species use a limited resource in different ways
38
Character displacement
the shift in phenotypes through time in response to competition
39
Lotka-Volterra competion models
relates changes in population growth rates and population size of competing species
40
competition coefficient alpha=
per capita negative completive effects of species 2 on species 1 (# of individuals of species 1 that are lost for every extra individual of species 2)
41
competition coefficient beta =
per capita negative competitive effect of species 1 on species 2 (# of individuals of species 2 that are lost for every extra individual of species 1)
42
On a Lotka-Volterra growth model there is competitive exclusion when...
The isoclines do not cross - which species wins depends on which isocline is above the other or The isoclines do cross but each species is more limited by the other than it is by itself ( alpha and beta are greater than 1) - The winner depends on initial conditions
43
On a Lotka-Volterra growth model there is stable coexistence when...
zero population growth isoclines intersect AND one or both species must inhibit itself more than it is inhibited by other species - intraspecific competition > interspecific competition
44
On a Lotka-Volterra growth model if alpha and beta are near 1 what happens
Species 1 has nearly the same effect on species 2 as species 2 does on itself, and vise versa species use recourses very similarly carrying capacities must be similar for coexistence
45
On a Lotka-Volterra growth model if alpha and beta are much less than 1 what happens
species 1 has a much weaker effect on species 2 than species 2 does on itself, and vice versa species use resources differently Carrying capacities can be very different and coexistence still possible
46
Can both species coexist if beta if beta is greater than 1?
Yes as long as alpha is sufficiently low and K2 is enough higher than K1
47
Effects ( +/- relationships) of competition
-/-
48
Effects ( +/- relationships) of predation/ parasitism
+/-
49
Effects ( +/- relationships) of mutualism
+/+
50
Effects ( +/- relationships) of commensalism
+/0
51
amensalism
-/0
52
define predation
a trophic interaction in which an individual of one species (the predator) consumes some or all of an individual of another species (the prey)
53
carnivory
both predator and prey are animals
54
herbivory
predator is an animal, prey are plants or algae
55
paratism
predator (a parasite) lives symbiotically on or in the prey (its host) and consumes certain tissues; may not kill the host. Some parasites (pathogens) cause disease
56
If encounter rate is low (typical of carnivores) predators should be...
generalists
57
IF handling time- prey are easy to find but take long time to eat, then predators (herbivores) should
be specialists on particular plants or plant parts
58
Symbiosis
a relationship in which two species (symbionts) live in close physical and/ or physiological contact
59
What range of species are commonly and unequivocally parasitic?
Protozoans, Helminhs, Arthropods, fungi, virus, bacteria
60
Endoparasitism advantages and disadvantages
live inside host, advantage: ease of feeding, protected from external environment, safer from natural enemies disadvantage: vulnerability to hosts immune system, dispersal more difficult
61
ectoparasitism advantages and disadvantages
live outside host, advantage: ease of dispersal, safe from hosts immune system disadvantage: vulnerability to natural enemies, exposure to external environment, feeding more difficult
62
Solution for endoparasites
enslave host, diarrhea, specialized life stages
63
What is the equation for threshold density
St= m/ beta threshold density= (combined host death and recovery rate) / (transmission coefficient,(encounters that end in transmission))
64
what is S in the mathematical model ○ dI/dt= betaSI -mI
the density of susceptible individuals
65
what is I n the mathematical model dI/dt= betaSI -mI
the density of infected individuals
66
what is beta in the mathematical model ○ dI/dt= betaSI -mI
transmission coefficient (encounters that end in transmission)
67
what is the m in the mathematical model ○ dI/dt= betaSI -mI
the combined death and recovery rate
68
If you are trying to manage a disease you want...
S< St and thus want St to be high (combined death and recovery rate to be high and transmission coefficient to be low
69
facilitation
net positive interaction between either both organisms or one and the other isn't harmed
70
trophic mutualism
when a mutualist receives energy or nutrients directly from partner
71
habitat mutualism
when a partner in a mutualism provides favorable habitat or shelter or living space for the other species
72
Trophic cascade
indirect interaction between two species on a trophic scale example: a carnivore eats a herbivore (direct negative on the herbivore) but decrease in herbivore has a positive effect on primary producer
73
Trophic facilitation
a indirect interaction when a consumer is indirectly facilitated by a positive interaction between its prey and another species example: interaction between salt marsh plants affect aphids
74
Competitive networks
Interactions among multiple species in which no species wins, every pair-wise competitive interaction
75
What are the four stages of invasion?
1-Arival (Introduction) 2- Establishment 3- Ecological integration with negative impact 4- Spread
76
If a species successively achieves all 4 steps of invasion what are they?
Invasive, also introduced and non-indigenous
77
If a

biol 230 (2 decks)

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