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GE MID 2 > TERMS > Flashcards

TERMS Flashcards

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1
Q

Prospective payment system

A

Instead of per service fees, a capitated fee is set for the general course of treatment

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2
Q

Donut hole of Medicare Part D

A

After you have spent a certain amount of money and after your Medicare plan has spent a certain amount of money you must pay fees out of pocket for a certain amount of time

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3
Q

Mental health in Medicare

A

Mental health services are equal to other hospital stays

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4
Q

Boolean operators

A

AND searches for overlap

OR used between synonyms

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5
Q

Order of specificity of sources from least to most specific

A

Encyclopedias, books, review articles, journal articles, conference proceedings/meeting abstracts

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6
Q

Review articles

A

Considered secondary sources and review existing research and summarize the state of knowledge on the topic

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7
Q

Tricks and tips of searching on google

A

“Primary care” in quotes to search for the whole phrase together
Truncation:
Depress* searches for depressed OR depressing OR depression

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8
Q

Parkin

A

Promotes cellular garbage disposal
Cells try to refold it protein with backup strategy as disposal
Broken or mutated Parkin correlated with early onset Parkinson’s disease

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9
Q

More Parkin?

A

Reduces the accumulation of toxic proteins during age

Increases healthy lifespan

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10
Q

Aging is a result of

A

Defective cellular garbage disposal

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11
Q

Intestinal barrier distinction

A

Physiological bio marker of aging

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12
Q

Anti aging strategies

A

Clean up cellular garbage, increase mitochondrial activity

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13
Q

Diagnostic related groupings

A

Fixed Medicare prices for certain treatments and diagnostic category and expected length of stay of the patient

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14
Q

Smallpox

A

Eradicated in 1980 by Edward Jenner who created the vaccine in 1796 for it

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15
Q

Integumentary system

A

(Skin)

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat

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16
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes - wound healing and utilize vit D
Melanocytes - make melanin
Langerhans cells - mast cells - release histamine in allergic reactions

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17
Q

Dermis

A

Collagen, elastin, blood vessels, lymphatics, mast cells, hair follicles

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18
Q

Subcutaneous fat

A

Mainly used for fat storage

Has fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages

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19
Q

How does skin change as we age?

A

Keratinocytes divide less frequently thus leading to slower wound healing.
Dermis becomes much thinner and more sensitive.
Diseases hat accompany aging: tumor of melanocytes, skin cancer

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20
Q

As you age what happens to the innate immune system

A

Increase in NK
Increase in inflammatory cytokines
Decrease in dendritic cells

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21
Q

Aging B cell changes

A

Increase in autoantibodies

Decrease in quality of regular antibodies

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22
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Recognize virus on infected cells and kill those cells

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23
Q

Thymus

A

Begins to shrink starting in childhood as fewer naive or new T cells are produced
Referred to as thymine involution - less naive or clean slate T cells produced and more specialized T cells that are specific to certain cells are present

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24
Q

How does thymidine involution affect aging

A

Decrease in ability to produce naive T cells means that older people are less likely to be able to recognize viruses from newer diseases

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25
T cell changes
Increase in memory T cells Decrease in naive T cells Increase in proportion of senescent T cells (no CD28, short telomeres unable to divide, poor killing, increase inflammatory state -TNF and IL6
26
HIV and CD28-
HIV patients also show high amounts of senescent T cells because chronic simulation of the immune system results in an increase of cells lacking CD28-
27
Flu vaccine
Not optimized for older people lacking naive T cells and high proportion of senescent T cells -36,000 deaths, 400,000 hospitalization a 90% of deaths are in elderly
28
Cytomegalovirus
Lots of T cells see CMV and so decrease in naive T cells for other antigens
29
Preventative vaccines
``` Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) Pneumococcus Influenza HPV (cervical, penal, anal, head and heck cancer) NONE for Malaria ```
30
Therapeutic vaccines
Reduce disease severity but not prevent it HIV TB cancer vaccines
31
Bone effect with aging
Increase in inflammatory cytokines causes bone loss and osteoporotic fractures
32
Cells responsible for homeostasis
10% of skeleton replaced every year Osteoclasts- resorb old bone Osteoblasts -create new bone As we age more osteoclasts than blasts destructing more bone and creating less
33
Osteopenia
Reduced bony density not a disease
34
Osteoporosis
Increased risk of fractures loss of bone density
35
Osteoarthritis
Wear and tear induced joint degenerating
36
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disease - joint inflation due to T cell reactivity to collagen
37
AIDS in older adults
Symptoms and things that come from HIV like dementia and arthritis are common in older adults already so HIV can be overlooked
38
Arteriosclerosis
Part of normal aging | Artery walls get stiffer
39
Atherosclerosis
Disease of fatty deposits in artery wall
40
Low density lipoproteins
Transport cholesterol, repair membranes, energy, certain hormones only becomes bad when oxidized
41
High density lipoprotein
Good cholesterol takes excess cholesterol back to liver for recycling or excretion interferes with oxidation
42
Ischemia
Clot that blocks blood to the brain
43
Hemorrhage
Induction in blood flow from blood pressure
44
Tissue plasminogen activator
Dissolves the clot from a stroke if delivered before 3 hours of symptoms
45
Heart failure
Left ventricle can't pump enough blood to the body
46
Clinical associations with low bone mass
Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory vowel disease, periodontal disease, COPD
47
Osteoporosis
Disease not a characteristic of aging that makes bones more porous and vulnerable to fracture
48
Vital capacity
Amount of oxygen that can be brought into the lungs with a deep breath Decreases 50% between age 25-70
49
Sexuality includes
Self concept, gender-role identity, body image, relationships, intimacy-freedom to express and respond to human closeness through mutual regard and trust Contextual changes being more important than physiological changes
50
Virulopause
Male menopause
51
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Increasing focus on emotionally satisfying ties rather than many ties
52
Caregivers
Predominantly adult children and then partners or spouse then other relative then non relative
53
Direct care workers
Nursing aides then home health aides then personal care aides
54
Legislation for caregivers
Family and medical leave act of 1993 | National family caregiver support program of 2000
55
Social convoy model
Close social relationships provide a protective secure base but also personal situational characteristics of age gender social class influence the type of support needed
56
Inter generational stake hypothesis
Societal level pattern where older adults are more inclined to sharing values with younger generations
57
Bean pole family structure
Increasing number of generations in a family but decreasing number of family members within the same generation due to declining fertility rates
58
Primary stressors
Events directly from the elders illness such as congnitive impairments and behavioral probs
59
Secondary stressors
Not directly from the persons illness but from role strains, decrease in caregivers sense of mastery or competence
60
Disenfranchised grief
Loss of couple identity and intimacy and increase in loneliness
61
Cushing syndrome
Tumor forms and impairs functioning of neurotransmitters
62
Allostatic load
Results from excessive levels of stress
63
6 domains of mental wellbeing
Purpose in life, environmental control/mastery, positive relationships, Autonomy independence, self acceptance
64
Changes in mental well being
Men and women both decrease in purpose in life and personal growth Increase in autonomy and mastery of ones environment in both men and women Little change in positive relation and self acceptance for both men and women
65
Personality changes
Increases in agreeableness and conscientiousness | Decrease in neuroticism, extra version, openness in late life
66
Self concept
Cognitive image or thoughts about oneself Use assimilation and accommodation to incorporate new roles into self concept and adjust thought process shot self in relation to reality
67
Self esteem
Evaluation of feelings about the self (how we feel about who we are)
68
Optimism and Perssimism based on
Internality-cause from internal or external Stability-cause of an event thought to be temporary or stable Globality- level of specificity
69
Us rate of anxiety
1 in 4 adults in US have mental illness
70
Biochemicals involved in depression
Norepinephrine, serotonin
71
Depression most common forms
Depression paranoia and anxiety
72
Systemic disorder
Less sharp form of depression but lasts longer
73
DAF 16
Good reduce oxidative stress
74
Clk-1
Bad Increases free radical production
75
Sir 2
Stops overproduction of toxic RNA
76
Aging and genes
Aging is influenced by genes not caused by genes
77
Mutations in genes
Mutation in age 1 and DAF 2 but still functioning DAF 16 leads to increased life span Mutation in clk1 increases lifespan
78
2 anti aging strategies
Increases cellular garbage disposal though Parkin and mitochondrial functioning through PGC-1
79
Thrombus
Hi
80
Intermittent clarification
Cramping from astheroscerlosis
81
Insulin receptor in flies and mice
DAF 2 in c elegans | Chino fruit flies
82
Buffering hypothesis
Promotes health by being a buffer to stress
83
Direct effect hypothesis
Directly affects happiness of the older adult
84
Systems level
Cell,organ,organism,group,organization, society,supranational system

GE MID 2 (1 decks)

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