Terms

Question 1

The Roman Monarchy

Answer 1

first government phase of Rome; the King held military, judicial, and religious authority

Question 2

Society under the Kings

Answer 2

families were organized into clans
elite became “patricians” who had special privileges and access to priesthoods
kings were elected, not hereditary

Question 3

The Early Republic

Answer 3

(c. 500-275) second phase of Roman government

began after coup ejected last king, Tarquin the Proud

Question 4

Magistracies under the Republic

Answer 4

Consuls - 2 elected per year, served a one-year term, had lictors carrying fasces
Praetors - developed from consulship, military and judicial duties
Aediles - public works and the provision of grain
Censors - supposed to be appointed every 4 years, lists of citizens and property for tax purposes, effective ability to purge members from the Senate

Question 5

The Senate

Answer 5

“bunch of old guys”, under Republic comes to consist of former holders of magistracies
membership of life
very great informal influence

Question 6

The Centuriate Assembly

Answer 6

citizen body categorized by ability to supply military equipment
arranged in such a way as to give greatest weight to the old and the wealthy (population divided into 5 classes)
elected magistrates, declared war and peace

Question 7

The 2 Tribal Assemblies

Answer 7

both organized by “tribe”, originally a matter of residence

each tribe had one vote

Question 8

The Plebeian Tribal Assembly

Answer 8

every citizen not a patrician could vote
passed resolutions that in 3rd century attained force of law
voted for tribunes and aediles

Question 9

Tribal Assembly

Answer 9

all citizens could vote

voted for quaestors, among others

Question 10

The Struggle of the Orders

Answer 10

early Republic characterized by some kind of struggle between patricians and plebeians
patrician lock on consulship
poor suffering from debt and land hunger

Question 11

Plebeians

Answer 11

originally a term to describe the poor, eventually came to mean everyone who wasn’t a patrician

Question 12

The Latin League

Answer 12

during the fifth century, Rome leads a league of other Latin-speaking peoples in Latium
is often at war with surrounding tribes of Volsci and Aequi

Question 13

The Pyrrhic Wars

Answer 13

280-275
King Pyrrhus of Epirus called in to respond to Roman expansion
several victories over Rome until Romans capture Tarentum in 272
after 272, Rome in control of most of Italian peninsula and established as a Mediterranean power

Question 14

Titus Livius (Livy)

Answer 14

from Padua in N Italy

1st five works published shortly after end of Republic and establishment of the Principate

Question 15

Romulus and Numa

Answer 15

Romulus was martial, while Numa was religious
Numa was a Sabine, demonstrative of Rome’s inclusivity
established the difference between Rome at war and Rome at peace

Question 16

Tullus Hostilius

Answer 16

Tullus is initially “more Romulus than Romulus”
ends up as warmonger and exhausts Rome
later - Tullus/Rome swing back towards religion (swing too far and Tullus dies)

Question 17

Ancus Marcius

Answer 17

envisioned as a new Numa, actually becomes a composite of Romulus and Numa
integrates warfare and religion through the fetial rite, which is a religious sanction for war

Question 18

Ancus’ Fetial Rite

Answer 18

represents:
a “domesticated” Roman military, governed by religious propriety and justified before the gods
a “militarized” religious culture, mobilization of the authority of the gods for military purposes

Question 19

The Last Kings

Answer 19

Tarquin I, Servius Tullius, Tarquin “the Proud”
significantly diverse figures from 1st four
each a usurper, in different ways
also, likelier to be historical figures

Question 20

Tarquin “the Proud”

Answer 20

• exemplifies what Romans find problematic about monarchical government
• resembles various brutal revolutionaries in Livy’s time
• essentially asserted his power over all of Rome as though it was his household
• metaphorical enslavement of Romans
• uncontrolled women as a means of imagining royal trasngression (Tanaquil and Tullia)

Question 21

Rape of Lucretia

Answer 21

Lucretia: chaste woman kept from the public eye signifies the health of an (internally) egalitarian aristocracy

• Lucretia is inside, attending to the well-being of the household, not engaging outside the house
• Sextus Tarquinius is attracted by this chastity, threatens her house with the stain of slavery

Question 22

Lucretia’s Suicide

Answer 22

• Lucretia herself is conscious of her lack of guilt, and males reassure her of her innocence; her concern is with perception and how this will reflect on her household
• concerned lest she become a threat to other Roman households by being an excuse for adultery

Question 23

The Struggle of the Orders cont.

Answer 23

• plebeians create “tribune of the plebs” to serve their own interests, have sacrosanctity and power to veto
• gradual attainment of rights for plebs (access to consulship, other offices open over time, debt bondage abolished)

Question 24

Origin of the Decemvirate

Answer 24

plebeian demands for a fixed, written set of laws
for this reason:
-no consuls are elected by the people
-no tribunes are elected by the plebeians
-Board of Ten Men appointed to draft law code, granted absolute power without appeal

Question 25

Appius Claudius

Answer 25

one of the 1st decemvirs, long a defender of the rights of patrician, poses as advocate for plebs

Question 26

The 1st Decemvirate

Answer 26

despite being above the law, is marvelously just and harmonious one decemvir decides to defer power in a court case even though he is not required to

Question 27

The 2nd Decemvirate

Answer 27

Appius goes behind the other decemvirs' back and gets himself and 9 other decemvirs elected represents a return to tyranny

Question 28

Tyranny of 2nd Decemvirate

Answer 28

Appius and the other decemvirs are aristocrats oppressing plebeians, as opposed to Tarquin and co oppressing the aristocrats moral of the decemvir story: role of the law in ensuring the rights of all citizens against the oppression of the most powerful

Question 29

Story of Verginia

Answer 29

Appius, since he is above the law, pronounces Verginia a slave implications of turning Roman citizens into slaves Verginius kills his own daughter as a way of regaining autonomy, which sparks outrage and the people drive out the decemvirs

Question 30

First Punic War: Beginning

Answer 30

both Rome and Carthage were called in as respective allies in a dispute in Sicily local dispute becomes a direct conflict between Rome and Carthage

Question 31

First Punic War: Course

Answer 31

Romans are very successful on land in Sicily Carthage has a powerful navy, Rome builds up its own navy 242 - Rome destroys a Carthaginian fleet 241 - Carthage is exhausted, signs a peace treaty

Question 32

First Punic War: Outcome

Answer 32

crippling indemnity Roman control of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia Carthage turns ambitions to Spain and silver with power significantly reduced

Question 33

Second Punic War: Origins

Answer 33

Romans and Carthaginians had agreed on spheres of influence (Ebro river) Saguntum, S of Ebro, in a defensive alliance with Rome; captured by Carthaginian general Hannibal Saguntum asks Rome for help, Hannibal takes this as the beginning of war with Rome

Question 34

Second Punic War: Hannibal's Plan

Answer 34

instead of fighting Roman forces in Spain, will leave a few forces in Spain and direct main force to Italy Purpose: not just drive Romans out of Spain, but peel off Italian allies and break Roman power altogether

Question 35

Second Punic War: Hannibal's March

Answer 35

in 218, Hannibal came to the Alps with 40K men plus elephants by the end, due to deaths and defections only 26K men remained

Question 36

Quintus Fabius Maximus

Answer 36

"The Delayer", appointed dictator during the second Punic War, tactic was to just follow Hannibal around tiring him out waiting for him to make a mistake

Question 37

Second Punic War: Endgame

Answer 37

207 - Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal came to reinforce him but is defeated at the Battle of Metaurus 206 - Romans eject Carthaginians from Spain and prepare an assault against Carthage Hannibal leaves Italy to protect Carthage 202 - Romans and Numidians defeat Carthage at Zama

Question 38

Second Punic War: Outcome

Answer 38

Carthage loses all territory except for city, again suffers massive indemnity Carthaginian power completely and permanently broken Rome is the sole remaining power in the West

Question 39

Rome's Conquest of the Greek East

Answer 39

by 146 Rome becomes hegemon of in the East and controls Macedon and Greece Common pattern: Rome accepts a smaller state under its protection Smaller state is harassed by (or provokes) a larger state Rome sends out an army, defeats larger state, plunders it and takes over

Question 40

The Slave Supply

Answer 40

``` Major ways to bring slaves into Rome: capture in war kidnapping and piracy trade reproduction by existing slaves ```

Question 41

Place of Slavery in Roman Society

Answer 41

Rome was a "slave society" - pervades economic and social life integral to Roman conception of themselves; what it means to be a citizen is defined against a condition of servitude

Question 42

Manumission

Answer 42

practiced in both Roman and Greek society although lots of freed slaves ("freedmen"), small percentage of slaves were ever freed in Rome, usually admitted to citizenship

Question 43

Reasons for Manumission

Answer 43

affection, demonstration of magnanimity and resources, incentive for good behavior, incentive to make money (peculium)

Question 44

Peculium

Answer 44

slaves did not have rights and therefore could not own property slaves could unofficially amass cash in the form of wealth, commodities (including slaves), property enabled slaves to act as master's financial agents depending on discretion of master, could use peculium to buy freedom

Question 45

Fabulae Palliatae

Answer 45

``` adaptations of Greek New Comedy Greek characters in Greek setting dialogue with verse, in songs fun, scene-based material and heavy reliance on certain character tropes Plautus' Comedies are examples of this ```

Question 46

Roman Names

Answer 46

tria nomina: praenomen nomen cognomen (agnomen) praenomen - picked from short list of names, eg Quintus Gaius Publius Titus nomen - indicated a clan cognomen - indicated a family within a clan agnomen - earned nickname Women: feminine form of father's cognomen

Question 47

Patria Potestas

Answer 47

"a father's power" - power of an ascendant (eg father or grandfather) over all descendants any male who leaves patria potestas becomes paterfamilias power over property, life/death, culpability for any lawbreaking, permission required for marriage and could require divorce

Question 48

Marriage with Manus

Answer 48

if a woman marries with manus, she leaves the patria potestas of her own family for her husband's in the case of divorce, legal transfer required

Question 49

Roman Marriage

Answer 49

express purpose was "procreation of legitimate children" no formal ceremony requirement - just agreement of cohabitation with the intent to stick around, and permission of patresfamilias is required

Question 50

Province

Answer 50

originally just described the task of a magistrate | comes to describe formal administration of geographical areas subject to the Senate and People of Rome

Question 51

ager publicus

Answer 51

"public land" during conquest, Roman state confiscated land of the conquered landed leased, or use was given to, individuals restrictions were imposed on how much this could be done, but restrictions were often ignored

Question 52

Result of the Agrarian Problem

Answer 52

expanding wealth and power of patricio-plebeian elite displacement of peasants - exacerbated by absence of campaign loss of income-generating farms made them ineligible for military service social tension and general crankiness

Question 53

The Gracchi

Answer 53

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus Gaius Sempronius Gracchus careers a response to land question and societal problems both made use of the office of "tribune of the plebs"

Question 54

Tiberius Gracchus

Answer 54

proposed legislation to enforce the iugera limit and distribute the recovered ager publicus to the poor commission established and starts assessing conservative senators (the optimates) do not approve, they try to get a tribune to agree to veto everything Gracchus illegally has the tribune removed he is murdered on election day by a group of senators

Question 55

Optimates and Populares

Answer 55

not necessarily "the aristocracy" vs "the people" optimates - committed to senatorial privilege and monopoly on power populares - elites who drew power from a popular agenda and comitia tributa

Question 56

Gaius Gracchus

Answer 56

elected tribune and gained support of equites (high ranking but did not pursue political career) wanted to distribute cheap grain to urban populations proposed to send citizens as colonists to Italy and elsewhere plan to confer citizenship on all Italians became tribune 2nd time, failed 3rd time amid rioting Senate declared martial law; Gaius and some supporters were killed most of Gaius' reforms repealed after death

Question 57

Marius (and the rise of the populares)

Answer 57

Italian from Arpinum military man, elected consul to finish war with Jugurtha (helped by quaestor Sulla) gained an unprecedented 5 consulships fends off the Gauls in 102-101 military success enabled relaxation of land ownership requirement for military service soldiers more motivated, veterans expect more land, more loyalty to general than to state

Question 58

The Social War

Answer 58

91 BCE - measure passes to give all Italian allies Roman citizenship, but Italian allies revolt 90 BCE - Romans gave citizenship to all loyal allies impotrtant step in the political unification of Italy

Question 59

L Cornelius Sulla

Answer 59

80s BCE - Sulla appointed consul to go get Mithridates of Pontus, who was aiming for hegemony in Asia Minor plebeian assembly overturns this in favor of Marius Sulla gets mad, marches on Rome, ejects Marius, and kills tribune who engineered overturning then goes out after Mithridates while at home Marius retake city and slaughter Sulla supporters comes home in 83 BCE and a civil war between Sulla and Marians begins

Question 60

Sulla as dictator

Answer 60

becomes dictator in 81 BCE reforms to place Senate back in control - limits on the tribunes (cannot join Senate, cannot introduce legislation) 300 new senators added age minimum imposed for office reforms would mostly be undone by 70 BCE

Question 61

Cn. Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)

Answer 61

106-48 BCE noted for repeated military successes (under Sulla) 71 BCE - height of popularity

Question 62

M. Licinius Crassus

Answer 62

former Sullan, richer than God | suppressed revolt of Spartacus

Question 63

The Primacy of Pompey

Answer 63

70 BCE consulship and conflict between Pompey and Crassus left Senate diminished pirates were interfering with commerce Pompey is given military command by tribunal assembly, defeats Mithridates

Question 64

Pompey's Return

Answer 64

splendid triumph, assumed he could hook soldiers up with land this is prevented by optimates L Licinius Lucullus and M Porcius Cato caused Pompey to seek other avenues of satisfying his claims

Question 65

First Triumvirate

Answer 65

informal alliance between Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar Pompey contributes military fame Crassus contributes wealth Caesar contributes political skill 59 BCE - Caesar made consul, secures land for Pompey's veterans, Pompey marries Caesar's daughter Julia, Caesar gains command and power and conquers Gaul

Question 66

Rome in the 50s

Answer 66

thanks to First Triumvirate, Senate had become very ineffectual competing street gangs have brought violence to Rome with no means of suppression Caesar envisions this working to the advantage of the optimates and calls conference in Luca to prevent it

Question 67

Conference in Luca

Answer 67

56 BCE: called by Caesar in response to Roman gang violence Pompey and Crassus are to be made consuls for 55 and suppress violence after that, each will spend 5 years abroad (Pompey in Spain, Crassus in Syria, Caesar in Gaul)

Question 68

Breakdown of the First Triumvirate

Answer 68

Caesar ringing up victories in Gaul, getting legions of loyal troops within the vicinity of Italy 54 BCE Julia dies 53 BCE Crassus dies fighting Parthians buffer between Pompey and Caesar gone

Question 69

After First Tri Breakdown: Spiral to War

Answer 69

senate decides to throw support with Pompey to get rid of Caesar, who they see as larger threat Pompey is made sole consul; Caesar prepares to run for consul but Pompey and Senate pass a law preventing candidacy in absentia Senate attempted to force Caesar to give up command 49 BCE - Caesar crosses the Rubicon and invades Italy

Question 70

The Civil War (49 BCE)

Answer 70

little fighting in Italy; Pompey received incompetent support and left Caesar secured Italy and crucial grain producers, defeats Pompey's forces in Spain Pompey flees to Egypt and is killed by Ptolemy XIII Caesar returns to Italy and is named dictator

Question 71

Dictatorship of Julius Caesar

Answer 71

45 BCE - named dictator for 10 years (!) 44 BCE - named dictator for life (!!) goal seems to have been to preserve the order of Roman society with himself grafted on as de facto monarch

Question 72

The Ides of March

Answer 72

Caesar prepares to go East to invade Parthia; he is jumped by a group of senators in Pompey's theater - M Junius Brutus and C Cassius and killed

Question 73

M Tullius Cicero

Answer 73

key figure in important political developments from the 60s to the 40s; chief source of information on the late Republic only Republican writer from whom we have whole speeches born in Arpinum to a Roman "equestrian"

Question 74

Novus Homo

Answer 74

"new man" - term had several meanings, but most common was to refer to a man whose family had never been a senator but who himself reached the consulship typical of novus homo not to push for political openings but to close gates behind him, so Cicero is reliable proponent of senatorial causes against popular interests

Question 75

L. Sergius Catilina

Answer 75

patrician background, failed to win consulship for 63 (lost to Cicero) began championing cancellation of debts, but lost again in 62 initiated conspiracy with other frustrated aristocrats to put themselves in power

Question 76

Cicero and Catiline

Answer 76

Cicero hears about the plot, but does not have proof so intimidates Catiline into leaving Rome Cic is slipped corresponded with Allobroges about Roman conspirators and has them all killed without trial proudest achievement though it leaves him vulnerable

Question 77

Exile of Cicero

Answer 77

58 - P Clodius from the Bona Dea affair hates Cicero and reinstates law that banishes those who have executed Roman citizens without trial (and makes it retroactive!) before trial, Cicero runs away to Macedonia but Clodius passes another law exiling him anyway Cicero's house on Palatine destroyed and made a shrine to Libertus

Question 78

Recall of Cicero

Answer 78

57 - Pompey helps secure recall of Cicero to Rome Cicero starts suing for property damage and helping those who supported him hopes to peel Pompey off of Caesar, but is disappointed by conference of Luca

Question 79

Cicero After Luca (56)

Answer 79

basically told to shut up and fall in line only takes cases at the behest of Pompey and Caesar forces to write recantations of his attacks on Caesar and the legitimacy of Caesar's consulship leaves Italy for military service and returns in 50 at the eve of war