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1
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

The study of speaker meaning and language in use. People draw inferences

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2
Q

What are semantics?

A

The study of meaning. The sense of the word

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3
Q

What is morphology

A

Study of units in words. Morphemes

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4
Q

What is syntax

A

The study of how words combine to make sentences

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5
Q

What is the lexicon

A

Store of words in the brain of a native speaker of a language

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6
Q

What is the sound meaning link

A

The link between the concept of a word and sounds written

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7
Q

What are idioms?

A

Several words in a phrase linked to one meaning e.g. “pulling your leg” means to tease

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8
Q

What are pseudowords

A

Words that follow the phonological pattern of English but have no meaning
Eg blick not bnick

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9
Q

What is the relationship between wordform and Lexeme

A

Wordform is the phonological form. Lexeme is similar to one entry under a word in dictionary.
Eg warm, warmer, warmest are 3 word forms of one Lexeme
But warm and warmth are two different Lexemes

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10
Q

What is type token ratio and how is it measured

A

It is the measure of diversity in a clients vocab.
A token is the number of times said
Ratio= types divided by tokens.
Higher number means wider variety

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11
Q

Describe an example of a frequent and non frequent noun

A

Frequent- day

Non frequent- mould

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12
Q

Describe And example of a highly imaginable word and a low imaginability

A

High- banana

Low- trust

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13
Q

What does dense neighbourhoods relate to?

A

Phonological neighbours.
Work had lots of phonological neighbours- walk, fork, etc (THEREFORE DENSE)
Cairn has few- (THEREFORE SPARSE)

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14
Q

What are referent expressions?

A

They refer to referent-
Eg could you shut THE WINDOW.
The window is a specific identifiable window

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15
Q

What is Sense?

A

Build in meaning, which is constant across occasions

Eg prime minister will always mean head of government

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16
Q

What are basic concepts

A

They are required very young and help learn more complex concept. E.g. size ( big small )
gender (boy girl )
time (morning day)

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17
Q

What is a semantic field

A

Lexical set of semantically related items e.g. pets: cat dog goldfish

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18
Q

What are homonyms

A 
2 or more words that have the same form but different meanings 
Eg second (not first, unit of time)
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19
Q

What is a polysemous word?

A

One word with 2 related meanings

Eg Foot, on an animal and base of free. Both mean base to stand on

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20
Q

What are hyponyms

A

Cat is a hyponym or animal.
Animal is the superordinate of cat
More well defined than a semantic field

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21
Q

What is a synonym

A

Different words for the same thing
Eg kid, child
Mountain lion, puma

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22
Q

What are binary antonyms

A

Exact complementary opposites. Eg, true/false
Male/female
There is no middle ground

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23
Q

What are gradable antonyms

A

On a scale
Eg short/tall
There is a middle ground on a gradient

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24
Q

What are converses

no alistair, not the shoe

A

When two words convey same proposition

Eg above/below

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25
What does proposition mean
The meaning behind the sentence
26
What are the three forms of proposition
Active- Jane shoved Shirley Passive- Shirley was shoved by Jane Cleft- it was Shirley that Jane shoved
27
What is a reversible sentence?
The meaning of the sentence, and the opposite are equally likely to happen Eg. The DVD is on the book The book is on the DVD
28
What is a non reversible sentence?
Eg The book is on the floor The floor is on the book
29
What are agents and patients?
Agents- do something deliberately Patients- inert or passive Eg The dog attacked the rabbit (The dog is agent)
30
What can agent be replaced with
Experiencer- eg Alf hates mash | Instrument - the snowball hit Jane
31
What is a nonce word?
Made up spur of the moment words They prove subcomponents are real Eg pedanticness
32
What is a morpheme
A significant sub component of a word eg | Follow- ed
33
Describe the significance of a morpheme (meaning and grammar)
Meaning- singer Sing- morpheme Er- morpheme Makes it a person who sings Grammar Know+ past participle= known
34
What are free and bound morphemes
A free morpheme is capable of forming a word by itself e.g. moon light A bound morpheme is not capable of forming a word by itself Eg Furth er
35
What are allomorphs
Alternative Phonological forms of the same morpheme Eg Cat /s/ Dog /z/ Horse /Iz/
36
What is a compound
``` A word composed of 2 free morphemes e.g. sunshine Usually right headed eg Moonlight is a type of light Some have no head Eg redhead ```
37
What is a inflectional suffix
Adding suffix creates different form of same word | Eg show and showing
38
what is derivational affix
Adding suffix/ affix produces a different word Eg un + able makes unable Dance + er makes dancer
39
What is a deictic expression
An expression that is interpreted by reference to speaker, listener, time or place Eg I/ you/ we
40
Describe deixis is demonstratives
This/these - first person | That/ those - 2nd/3rd person
41
Describe deictic verbs of motion and time
Come/ go/ bring | Today/ yesterday
42
What is reference
Speaking telling listener to pay attention to something specific
43
Give examples of indirect, specific and generic reference
Indirect- The steak and chips on table 3 is fussy Specific- Can you shut the window Generic - doctors are always wrong
44
Describe frame and script
Frame- package of general knowledge about situation- Eg that a supermarket has lots of aisles, checkouts etc Script- sequence of what happens in a situation Eg supermarket- get trolley, collect items, pay
45
What is figurative language?
``` Intended speaker meaning cancels out sentence meaning Eg irony exaggeration Metaphor Understatement ```
46
What is conversational implicature
Inference that occurs in natural conversation Eg where’s Jenny? “Her coat is on the back of her chair” Implied she is in the building somewhere
47
What are Grices Maxims?
Maxim of relevance Maxim of quantity Maxim of quality Maxim of manner
48
What does each maxim describe?
Relevance- that what is being contributed is relevant Quality- what is said is true, with evidence for it Quantity- appropriate length response- informative yet no more than is required Manner- be brief, orderly, avoid ambiguity and avoid obscurity
49
How are some maxims flouted
Quality- that’s great- when it’s the opposite (irony is produced) Quantity- You’ll pass or you’ll fail- a way of saying shut up
50
Describe socio pragmatic norms
Rules for speaking in given situation- often seen as politeness Eg not talking in class
51
What are pragmalinguistic norms?
Standard expressions heard in specific situations Eg Can I help you - in shop Can I help you for example in a garden would mean- explain why you are here
52
Describe turn taking
One person has the ‘floor’ at a time using fillers such as ‘er’ to hold the floor Tag questions can pass the conversation to the other person Or they may pass on through eye contact gesture or interruption
53
What are adjacency pairs and what can change these
These are usually question answer There can be insertion eg replying to a question with another question Or pre expansion which is designed by speaker for next step of chat- eg free tonight? Want a drink?
54
What is Phatic communion
Talking about neutral topics when first starting conversation eg weather
55
3 types of self repair
Self repair within same turn Self repair initiated by conversational partner Other - eg correction from partner - rare
56
Describe the speech act theory
Every time someone says something they are also carrying out an action or doing something e.g. promising, questioning, request, command
57
What are cohension markers, name some types
They are words or phrases that link sentences Causitive- so Additive- and Concessive- but
58
What is a theme
The first meaning bearing phrase in the sentence. E.g. the sun melted the ice cream The sun is the theme
59
What is a thetic sentence?
No link to previous knowledge all information is new
60
What is the focus of the sentence
Part of the sentence speaker is drawing attention to , always include the tonic

General Linguistics (1 decks)

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