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Psychology Unit 4 > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Variables that may effect the DV, other than the IV.

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2
Q

Deception

A

Participants are not told the true aim of the study.

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3
Q

Participant observation

A

Observers take part in the activity with participants.

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4
Q

Field experiments

A

Takes place in a natural environment.
+ High ecological validity.
- Hard to control external variables.

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5
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Participants recruit others.
+ Access difficult to locate groups.
- Not a good cross-section of the population.

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6
Q

Confidentiality

A

Concerns the communication of personal information and that it’s protected.

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7
Q

Independent groups design

A

Different participants in each condition.
+ Can control extraneous variables.
- Difficult to control participant variables.
- Need more participants to get enough data.
Deal with issues: randomly allocate to conditions.

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8
Q

Covert observation

A

Participants don’t know they are being observed.

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9
Q

Mean

A

Add up, divide by number of data.
+ Sensitive- uses all data.
- Easily distorted by anomalous data.

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10
Q

Median

A

Middle number.
+ Not easily distorted.
- Not as sensitive.

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11
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent.
+ Easy to find.
- Useless.
- Not sensitive.

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12
Q

Self-selected sampling

A

Advert - volunteers
+ Variety - representative, less bias.
- Volunteer bias.

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13
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Easy to access.
+ Quick and easy.
- May not be representative.

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14
Q

Time sampling

A

Count number of behaviour that occurs in time frame.

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15
Q

Matched pairs design

A

Participants matched in ways that matter to the study.
+ External variables controlled.
- Difficult to match.
- Time consuming.

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16
Q

Privacy

A

Participants right to control the flow of information about themselves.

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17
Q

Operationalisation

A

Ensure variables are in a form that is testable and measurable.

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18
Q

Non-participant observation

A

Observer is separate from participants.

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19
Q

Overt observation

A

Participants know they are being observed.

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20
Q

Observer bias

A

Researchers expectations effect what they see and hear.

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21
Q

Stratified (quota) sampling

A

Randomly selected from sub-groups of target population.
+ Representative.
- Difficult to identify sub-groups.
- Time consuming.

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22
Q

Event sampling

A

Number of time me a behaviour occurs at occasion.

23
Q

Content analysis

A

A way to observe behaviour indirectly through written material.
+ Can be used for many forms of media.
+ High ecological validity.
+ Not ethical issues.
- Behaviour studied out of context.
- Categories chosen beforehand- based on researchers expectations.
- Possibly subjective as categories could be interpreted differently.

24
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cue that informs participants of the true aim of the study.

25
Q

Valid consent

A

Participant is give comprehensive information on the study so they can make an informed decision in their participation.

26
Q

Lab experiments

A

Controlled environment.
+ External variables controlled.
- Low ecological validity.

27
Q

Random sampling

A

Everyone has an equal chance of being chosen.
+ No researcher bias.
- May not be representative.
- Time consuming.

28
Q

Online experiments

A 
Assess participants via Internet/social media.
\+ Assess large samples.
\+ Diverse.
\+ Cost effective. 
\+ Quicker analysis.
- Difficult to deal with ethical issues.
- Limited methods used.
29
Q

Risk of harm

A

Possibility of participants experiencing psychical or psychological harm, above what is normal.

30
Q

Repeated measures design

A

All participants perform in each condition.
+ External variables controlled.
- Practice effect (order effect, boredom, guessing).
- Reduces validity.
Deal with issues: use different tests.

31
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Every nth number of the target population.
+ No researcher bias.
- May not be representative.

32
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

The extent to which two observers agree. The general rule is if there is more that 80% agreement on the observation then there is inter-observer reliability.

33
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Used to assess external reliability. Participants are tested then sometime later, when they have forgotten, they are retested and the responses compared.

34
Q

Split-half reliability

A

Used to assess internal reliability. Participants given a test and then responses spilt and compared.

35
Q

Concurrent validity

A

A way of establishing external validity by comparing an existing test or questionnaire with the one you are interested in.

36
Q

Predictive validity

A

Correlating the results of a test with some other examples of the behaviour that is being tested.

37
Q

Face validity

A

A form of external validity - the extent to which the tests items look like what the test claims to measure.

38
Q

Content validity

A

This aims to show that the content, like questions on the test, represent the area of interest (internal validity).

39
Q

Construct validity

A

The extent to which performance on the test measures an identified underlying construct (internal validity).

40
Q

Frequency table

A

Used to display raw data that is easy to understand and interpret.

41
Q

Bar charts

A

Used with interval and ratio data. Used to display data or information that changes continuously over time and allow us to see overall trends such as an increase or decrease in data over time.

42
Q

Histograms

A

Use continuous data rather than discrete data in a bar chart. The variable in the horizontal is a scale of something such as length or mass.
Used with ordinal data.

43
Q

Pie charts

A

Shows the differences in frequencies or percentages amongst categories of a nominal or ordinal data.

44
Q

Scatter diagrams

A

Used to display data when the study is correlational.

45
Q

Brain scans - EEG

A

Electrodes placed on the scalp and electrical activity in different areas can be recorded.
Dement and Kleitman - detected different stages of sleep.

46
Q

Brian scans - CAT

A

Taking a series of x-rays to form a 2 or 3 dimensional picture. Usually a dye is injected as a contrast and the patient is placed in the CAT machine.

47
Q

Brain scans - MRI

A

Use of a magnetic field that causes the brain to emit radio waves, a detector reads these and uses them to map the structure of the brain.

48
Q

Brain scans - PET

A

Slightly radioactive glucose is given to patient. The most active areas of the brain use glucose and radiation detectors “sees” this area so building up a picture of activity in the brain.

49
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Research conducted over a long period of time to observe long term effects.
Case studies are often longitudinal.
Often used by developmental psychologists.

50
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

One group of a younger age are compared to another group of an older age at the same point in time to investigate the effect of age on behaviour.

51
Q

Data distributions

Normal distribution

A

Classic bell-shaped curve.
It is the predicted distribution when considering an equally likely set of results.
Features:
Mean, median, mode in exact mid point.
Distribution symmetrical at mid point.
Dispersion of scores either side of the mid point is consistent and can be expressed in standard deviations.

52
Q

Data distributions

Left skewed or negative skewness

A

Some population scores are not distributed equally around the mean.
In an easy exam most people would get high scores - producing a negative skewed distribution.

53
Q

Data distributions

Right skewed or positive skewness

A

Some population scores are not distributed equally.
In a test on depression where 0-50 represents normal behaviour and 50+ represents clinical depression we would expect most test results of 100 people to be nearer the low end. Produces a positive skewed distribution.
The few extreme high scores have a strong effect on the mean- the mean is always higher than the median and mode in a positive skew.

Psychology Unit 4 (2 decks)

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