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Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Karyotype

A

A complete set of chromosomes illustrated in a diagram

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2
Q

Haploid

A

Term used to refer to a cell that only contains a single set of genes

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3
Q

Diploid

A

Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

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4
Q

Multiple alleles

A

A gene that has more than two alleles

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5
Q

Allele

A

One of a number of different forms of a gene

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6
Q

Trait

A

Specific characteristic of an individual

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7
Q

Acquired trait

A

Characteristic that is learnt and not inherited

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8
Q

Heredity

A

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

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9
Q

Environment

A

All of the outside forces acting on an organism

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10
Q

Inherited

A

Passed from parent to offspring or passed from ancestor

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11
Q

The law of dominance (and recessiveness)

A

Some traits have the ability to mask other traits when both traits appear in the parents.

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12
Q

The law of segregation (division/ separation)

A

During the formation of reproduction cells (egg and sperm) the paired factors (genes) separate from one another and then recombine.

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13
Q

The law of independent assortment

A

Each trait is in her tied independent of one another

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14
Q

Probability

A

Likelihood that a particular event will occur

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15
Q

Homozygous

A

Having 2 identical alleles for a particular gene (TT, tt)

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having 2 different alleles for a particular gene (Tt)

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

The resulting observable characteristic (tall or short)

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18
Q

Genotype

A

The symbolic representation of the characteristic (Tt, TT, tt)

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19
Q

Punnet square

A

A device used to predict the offspring of a particular genetic cross

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20
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A genetic cross with only one trait of interest

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21
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A genetic cross with 2 traits of interest

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22
Q

Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns

A

Patterns of inheritance that do not follow Mendel’s laws

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23
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Two alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, both contribute to the phenotype of the individual offspring

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24
Q

Co-dominance and Multiple Alleles

A

Two alleles may contribute equally in the offspring and are both dominant - no blending here

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25
Sex-linked traits
All organisms that reproduce sexually have a combination of x and Y chromosomes (sex chromosomes)
25
Test cross
Can determine the genotype of a dominant phenotype trait. Cross the dominant unknown with a recessive individual
26
Pedigree
A diagram/ chart that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotype of a particular genetic trait from one generation to the next within a biological family
27
Meiosis
Reduction/ division (chromosome # halves). The production of gametes in the sex organs (ovary and testes of humans)
28
Homologous
Term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent
29
Fertilization
During sexual reproduction an egg and sperm combine randomly to form a zygote and eventually an individua with a variety and combination of parental traits
30
Nondisjunction
The most common error in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate. Means “not coming apart”
31
DNA - what does it stand for and definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid (polymer). Is the biological molecule of inheritance with a six billion letter code.
32
Double helix
Twisted ladder made up of DNA bases paired with hydrogen bonds.
33
Nucleotide
Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed, made up of a 5- carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
34
Polymer
Molecule composed of many monuments; makes up macromolecules
35
DNA polymerase
Principal enzyme involved in DNA replication
36
The 4 bases
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
37
Purine bases
Adenine and guanine
38
Pyrimidine bases
Thymine and cytosine
39
DNA replication
The copying of DNA before mitosis or meiosis. Occurs in the nucleus during interphase just before prophase
40
Hélices
Unwinds the double stranded dna by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases
41
The 4 enzymes required for DNA Replication
Helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, and ligase
42
DNA polymerase
Builds the new DNA strand by reading the parental strands and matching nucleotides
43
Primase
Initialized the entire process and sets a path for polymerase to follow
44
Ligase
Glues Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand (slower strand) of DNA
45
Protein synthesis
Making phenotypes. Creating proteins in cells to express traits like eye colour and enzymes.
46
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, is a biomolecule made of ribonucleotides
47
Transcription
Turning DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA). Or the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
48
Translation
Process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein
49
Taxonomy
The field of biology that deals with classifying organisms. Is based on shared structure and form characteristics (morphology) and/or genetic similarities
50
5 main kingdoms
Plants, animals, protists, fungi, archaebacteria
51
3 main domains
Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
52
Binomial nomenclature (define and describe)
Becomes the scientific name of the organism. Written with the genus capitalized, species lower cased, and the entire name is italicized.
53
Ecology
Branch of biology the studies the interactions between organisms and each their and their interactions with the environment.
54
Dichotomous key
A way to organize organisms by narrowing the group through a series of two choices
55
Viruses
Studied in biology but are not exactly considered to be alive. Viruses reproduce but require a host to do so because they lack the organelles to create.
56
Bacteriophage
Infected bacterial cells
57
Microbiology
The study of microbes (microorganisms).
58
Microorganisms
Microorganisms cannot be seen with the naked eye unless the are colonized. Includes bacteria (domain eubacteria and domain archaebacteria) and some fungi and algae.
59
Scanning electron microscope
Uses beams of electrons that are focused by magnetic fields. Can see in 3D.
60
Transmission electron microscopes
Can view large protein molecules and organelles
61
Light microscope (compound lenses)
Uses light that passes through the specimen towards two lenses to magnify up to 1000 times.
62
Eyepiece (ocular lens)
Here one views the specimen. (~ 10X power)
63
Prokaryotes
Unicellular and lack membrane bound organelles
64
Eubacteria
Are known as true bacteria and are the most common
65
Archaebacteria
Are the extremophiles living in extreme conditions like hot springs and thermal vents
66
Protists
Eukaryotic (membrane bound organelles) and are unicellular
67
Pseudopod
Temporary cytoplasmic projection used by amoeba to capture prey and for locomotion
68
Cilium (pl. cilia)
Short hairlike projection that produces movement for paramecium
69
Flagellum (pl. flagella)
Tail-like structure used by trichomonads or protists to capture prey or for movement
70
Tentacles
Used by tokophyra to capture prey and for movement.
71
Fungi
Eukaryotic and sessile(do not move). Obtains food by consuming other living things. And digests food outside of their bodies by secreting enzymes externally than up taking the digested material.
72
Hypha (pl. hyphae)
One of many long slender filaments that makes up the body of a fungus. Collectively known as mycelium.
73
Chitin
Complex carbohydrate that makes up the walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods.
74
Plants
All require water, minerals, carbon dioxide, and even carbohydrates. Can be vascular or non vascular. Do require a little bit of oxygen (for carbohydrate use for energy)
75
Photosynthesis
The process of producing carbohydrates(glucose) from light energy as an energy storage.
76
Photosynthesis chemical reaction
Carbon dioxide + water (LIGHT—>) sugars/glucose + oxygen
77
Non-vascular seedless plants
Includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Are multicellular, photosynthesis but lack vascular tissue so therefore require water for reproduction.
78
Vascular seedless plants
Includes ferns. Vascular tissue used for transport and support.
79
Xylem
Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
80
Phloem
Vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis through the plant.
81
Seed plants
Includes Conifers/Gymnosperms and Flowering plants/Angiosperms.
82
Conifers or gymnosperms
Vascular plants with naked seeds in cones. Ex: pine trees and firs. Very hardy with needled leaves with a thick cuticle or waxy layer to prevent water loss.
83
Flowering plants or Angiosperms
Most plants that produces flowers also produce fruit. Flowering plants are either monocots or dicots.
84
Monocot
Angiosperm with one sed leaf in it ovary
85
Dicot
Angiosperm with two seed leaves in its ovary

Biology 12 Exam Terms (1 decks)

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