Terms

Question 1

Phytomere

Answer 1

repeating unity of node, internode, axillary bud and leaf all together

Question 2

Node

Answer 2

where leaf connects

Question 3

internode

Answer 3

space between nodes

Question 4

axillary bud

Answer 4

little bud at the node

Question 5

phyllotaxy

Answer 5

Determines leaf arrangement and direction of growth

Question 6

3 types if phyllotaxy

Answer 6

alternate
opposite
whorled

Question 7

alternate

Answer 7

1 leaf/node

Question 8

opposite

Answer 8

2 leaves/nodes

Question 9

whorled

Answer 9

3 or more leaves/nodes

Question 10

Alternate distichous

Answer 10

Leaves initiated 180 degrees away from each other

Question 11

Helically alternate or “spiral”

Answer 11

• Most common phyllotaxy

- Produced in a spiral formation

Question 12

Why do you think shoot of cactus is modified and flattened(cladode) in one direction?

Answer 12

To increase surface area and maximize

photosynthesis

Question 13

leaf shape simple vs. compound (pinnately compound)

Answer 13

simple- single leaf off a node
compound-multiple leaves off one node
(look for axillary buds)

Question 14

Where is the Casparian strip located and what is its function

Answer 14

It is located in the cell walls of the endodermis, and it regulates water movement, forcing symplastic movement and preventing desiccation

Question 15

Where are the earliest formed xylem elements (protoxylem) in relation to later formed elements (metaxylem)?

Answer 15

protoxylem elements are at ends of each pole, metaxylem towards the center

Question 16

earliest formed xylem elements

Answer 16

protoxylem

Question 17

later formed xylem elements

Answer 17

metaxylem

Question 18

What are the functions of the pericycle

Answer 18

To regenerate the periderm, aids with lateral root formation

Question 19

Where on the root do you see root hairs? why are they there?

Answer 19

zone of maturation

increase surface area for absorbing water

Question 20

What are the two major functions of the root cap

Answer 20

Protect the apical meristem and help push through the soil with lubrication (mucilage)

Question 21

What is the primary function of roots with secondary growth?

Answer 21

Anchorage and support for the plant, and storage

Question 22

periderm and cortex

Answer 22

if a periderm has formed the cortex will be crushed or sloughed off

Question 23

periderm becomes the…

Answer 23

cork cambium

Question 24

How does the anatomy of the protostele differ from that of the eustele?

Answer 24

A protostele has a vascular cylinder (circle in middle)

while a eustele has vascular bundles (ovals around)

Question 25

How does the secondary anatomy of shoots compare with that of roots?

Answer 25

There are more vessels and/or tracheids (transportng cells) in roots Because that is their main function, transport of water and minerals. There are less fibers in roots because roots aren’t supporting as much as shoots. There are not as many rays and they are not as wide.

Question 26

3 major photosynthetic strategies

Answer 26

C3, C4, CAM

Question 27

How does the anatomy of the leaf differ from that of the C3 and C4 leave

Answer 27

Tons of chlorenchyma, that also function as storage parenchyma for water, and the vascular bundles are scattered throughout.

Question 28

C4 pathway anatomy

Answer 28

Kranz (big bundle sheathe rings)

Question 29

In what cells does CO2 get highly concentrated?

Answer 29

bundle sheath

Question 30

C3

Answer 30

- very common, ~ 92% of land plants (most leafy plants) | - cool and moist conditons under normal light

Question 31

C4

Answer 31

- uncommon ~ 1% of plants; Most efficient in high temperatures and high light (many grasses, weedy and annual species) - Tropical & temperate in warm seasons - SPATIAL separation

Question 32

CAM

Answer 32

- stomata open at night - common, around 7% of plant species (cactus, desert succulents, tropical epiphytes (aerial growth so roots don’t have access to much water) - Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) is an adaptation to arid environments - TIME separation

Question 33

2 stages of photosynthesis

Answer 33

1) Light Dependent Reactons | 2) Light Independent Reactons (Calvin Cycle)

Question 34

photosynthetic cells in C4 plant

Answer 34

mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells

Question 35

C3 mesophyll

Answer 35

palisade (columns) | spongy (ovular and spaced out)

Question 36

stipule

Answer 36

small leaflike appendage by axillary bud

Question 37

casparian strip is made of

Answer 37

lignin and suberin

Question 38

pericycle

Answer 38

- produces periderm | - enables lateral root formation

Question 39

root systems

Answer 39

tap root and adventitious