terms

Question 1

common practice period

Answer 1

• tonal system, functional harmony, diatonicism
• preoccupation with melody and its relationship with harmony, structures (such as sonata form, aria/recitative, sonata cycle, fugues, etc.).
• Rhythms organized hierarchically with regular pulse

Nuages by Debussy (has some ideas of CPE, contrapuntal)

Question 2

impressionism

Answer 2

• derived from art, used for music that evokes mood and visual images through colorful HARMONY and instrumental TIMBRE

Nuages by Debussy → used diff instruments to deal with TIMBRE, switches btwn 3rds/5ths to create an image of moving clouds

Question 3

octatonicism

Answer 3

A scale that alternates whole and half steps

Nuages by Debussy, Stravinsky

Question 4

pentatonicism

Answer 4

1, 2, 3, 5, 6 in major scales/ 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 in minor scales

Nuages by Debussy, Stravinsky

Question 5

dada

Answer 5

• art movement associated with avant-garde artists in the early 1900s.
• Consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works.

Satie associated w/ avant-garde artist that created it

Question 6

Second Viennese School

Answer 6

• Schoenberg school w/ Berg and Webern

- Included atonality and 12-tone technique and stemmed from Schoenberg’s creative example

Question 7

developing variation

Answer 7

• coined by Schoenberg
• varying a theme to create new themes/accompaniments/ideas

Pierrot Lunaire

Question 8

pitch class sets

Answer 8

Any one of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale, including its enharmonic equivalents, in any octave.

Piano Suite by Schoenberg (1925)

Question 9

chromatic saturation

Answer 9

The appearance of all 12 pitch classes within a segment of music

Hyperprism by Varese, Pierrot Lunaire, Wozzeck by Berg

Question 10

expressionism

Answer 10

• Early 20th century term derived from art
• music avoids all traditional forms of “beauty” in order to express deep personal feelings through exaggerated gestures, angular melodies, and extreme dissonance

Pierrot Lunaire, Wozzeck

Question 11

sprechstimme

Answer 11

• (German, “speaking voice”)
• A vocal style developed by Schoenberg in which the performer approximates the written pitches in the gliding tones of speech, while following the notated rhythm

Pierrot Lunaire, Wozzeck

Question 12

tone row

Answer 12

a particular sequence of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale used as a basis for twelve-tone music

Question 13

prime

Answer 13

In 12-tone music based on a particular ROW, the ORIGINAL form of the row, transposed or untransposed

Question 14

inversion

Answer 14

In a melody or 12-tone row, flipping each interval upside down while maintaining its size

Question 15

retrograde

Answer 15

in 12 tone, flipping melody backwards

Question 16

retrograde inversion

Answer 16

in 12 tone, upside down and backwards

Question 17

transposition

Answer 17

In a melody of 12 tone row, moving up or down

Question 18

klangfarbenmelodie

Answer 18

• (German, “Tone-color melody”)
• coined by Schoenberg
• a succession of tone colors that is perceived as analogous to the changing pitches in a melody (tone color sounds like changing melody)

Symphony, Op. 21 by Webern

Question 19

collage

Answer 19

• uses multiple quotations w/o following a standard procedure for doing so, such as medley

General William Booth Enters into Heaven by Charles Ives

Question 20

cumulative form

Answer 20

• hear chunks of theme throughout, only full theme @ end

General William Booth Enters into Heaven by Charles Ives

Question 21

32 bar form

Answer 21

• aka TPA form
• aaba
• each phrase is 8 bars
• can have variations among a sections
• b section often tonicizies dominant key (sometimes called “middle 8”)

I Got Rhythm, Cotton Tail

Question 22

32 bar form by 1930

Answer 22

• intro, slow, recit like verse, aaba, instrumental break drawn from “a” material, “b” section, closing w/ refrain that includes songs title

I Got Rhythm, Cotton Tail

Question 23

Tin Pan Alley (the place)

Answer 23

• Name for district in NY where numerous publishers specializing in popular songs were located from the 1880s through the 1950s

Question 24

song plugger

Answer 24

• Vocalist or piano player employed by the publishing company to demonstrate, promote, and help sell new sheet music
• Gershwin’s first job was a song plugger on TPA

Question 25

electrical recording

Answer 25

- invented in 1925 (microphone) - difficult to pick up certain sounds and the recording could hold only 3-4 minutes of music West End Blues by King Oliver

Question 26

rhythm changes

Answer 26

Common 32-bar chord progression in jazz originating from George Gershwin’s “I Got Rhythm” chord progression Cotton Tail by Duke Ellington

Question 27

Great Migration

Answer 27

Movement of 6 million African Americans out of rural Southern U.S. to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970

Question 28

Blues Queen

Answer 28

Women who used the Blues genre to make a name for themselves and fight for the opportunity to be heard Bessie Smith, Backwater Blues

Question 29

frontline

Answer 29

- 3 melody instruments in a jazz band - 1st voice: trumpet - 2nd voice: clarinet/saxophone - 3rd voice: trombone - NOLA Jazz West End Blues by King Oliver (trumpet, clarinet, trombone)

Question 30

rhythm section

Answer 30

- Steady, driving rhythm of a Jazz band - Usually played by drums, piano, and guitar - NOLA Jazz

Question 31

Race Records

Answer 31

Divisions of record companies devoted to Black music

Question 32

scat

Answer 32

Technique in Jazz in which the performer sings nonsense syllables to an improvised or composed melody West End Blues by King Oliver

Question 33

diagetic

Answer 33

Song acknowledged by the character and is a prop of the movie. (they can hear it)

Question 34

non-diagetic

Answer 34

Song playing in background of scene, adds dramatic effect or sets tone for scene (characters can’t hear it)

Question 35

mickey mousing

Answer 35

Film technique that syncs the accompanying music with the actions on the screen

Question 36

extended technique

Answer 36

using an instrument in non-conventional way (i.e. plucking piano strings in The Banshee)