terms and definitions

Question 1

mediate the communication between cells in multicelluar organisms

Answer 1

extracellular signal molecules

Question 2

process the signal inside the receiving cell

Answer 2

intracellular signaling proteins

Question 3

lie at the end of signaling pathways

Answer 3

effectors

Question 4

important during development and in immune responses

Answer 4

contact-dependent signaling

Question 5

act only on cells in the local environment

Answer 5

local mediators

Question 6

four forms of intracellular signaling

Answer 6

contact-dependent signaling, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, endocrine signaling

Question 7

form of signaling that requires cells to be in direct membrane contact

Answer 7

contact dependent

Question 8

depends on local mediators that are released into the extracellular space

Answer 8

paracrine signaling

Question 9

performed by neurons that transmit signals electrically along their axons

Answer 9

synaptic signaling

Question 10

depends on endocrine cells which secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Answer 10

endocrine signaling

Question 11

requires a differet combination of survival and differentiation of signals

Answer 11

terminal differentiation

Question 12

three major casses of cell-surface receptor proteins

Answer 12

ion channel, GPCR, enzyme coupled receptor

Question 13

transmitter-gated ion channels involved in synaptic signaling

Answer 13

ion channel coupled receptor

Question 14

indirectly regulating the activity of a separate plasma membrane bound target protein

Answer 14

GPCR

Question 15

single pass transmembrane proteins that have their ligand binding outside the cell and their catalytic or enzyme binding site insite

Answer 15

enzyme coupled receptor

Question 16

generate in large amounts in response to their receptor activation

Answer 16

second messengers

Question 17

examples of second messengers

Answer 17

camp, DAG, ip3

Question 18

a second messenger that is water soluble and diffuse into the cytosol

Answer 18

camp

Question 19

a second messenger that is lipid soluble and diffuse in the plane of PM

Answer 19

DAG

Question 20

a second messenger that is water soluble and opens the ca2+ channel in the ER

Answer 20

ip3

Question 21

two types of molecular switches

Answer 21

protein kinase, gtp binding protein

Question 22

adds one or more phosphate groups to specific amino acids

Answer 22

protein kinase

Question 23

two types of protein kinase

Answer 23

serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases

Question 24

they switch between and on state when gtp is bound and an off state when gdp is bound

Answer 24

gtp binding proteins

Question 25

bring together groups of interacting signalling proteins into signaling complexes

Answer 25

scaffold proteins

Question 26

these are the specialized behaviors that produce a response appropriate for cell function

Answer 26

response timing, sensitivity, dynamic range, persistence, signal processing, integration, coordination

Question 27

these are feedback loops

Answer 27

positive and negative feedbacks

Question 28

in this feedback the output stimulates its own production and can transform the behavior of the responding cell, producing an all or none response

Answer 28

positive feedback

Question 29

in this feedback, the output inhibits its own production

Answer 29

negative feedback

Question 30

our senses of sight, smell and taste depend on these receptors

Answer 30

GPCR

Question 31

three subunits of g proteins

Answer 31

a, b, y

Question 32

an enzyme that synthesize camp from ATP

Answer 32

adenyl cyclase

Question 33

produced by the bacterium that causes cholera and catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from NAD+ to the alpha subunit; found in the epithelial cells in the intestint

Answer 33

cholera toxin

Question 34

causes pertussis, catalyzes the ADP ribosylation of th alpha subunit, preventing the protein from interacting with the receptors, found in the lungs

Answer 34

pertussis toxin

Question 35

phosphorylates specific serines of threonines

Answer 35

PKA

Question 36

recognize odors; the receptors are displayed on the surface of the modified cilia

Answer 36

olfactory receptors

Question 37

in mammals, their function is to relax smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels

Answer 37

nitric oxide

Question 38

types of NOS

Answer 38

eNOS, nNOS, iNOS

Question 39

NOS in epithelial cells

Answer 39

eNOS

Question 40

NOS in nerve and muscle cells

Answer 40

nNOS

Question 41

three general modes of adaptation

Answer 41

sequestration, down regulation, inactivation

Question 42

largest enzyme coupled receptor

Answer 42

RTK

Question 43

function of RAS

Answer 43

molecular switch, cycling between GTP and GDP

Question 44

quickly reverse the phosphorylation in tyrosines

Answer 44

tyrosone-specific protein phosphatases

Question 45

activate RAS

Answer 45

RAS-GEF

Question 46

inactivate RAS

Answer 46

RAS-GAPA

Question 47

THREE COMPONENTS OF MAP KINASE MODULE

Answer 47

MapK, MapKK, MapKKK

Question 48

regulate both the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons

Answer 48

rho family

Question 49

three character

Answer 49

rho, rac cdc42

Question 50

PI 3-Kinase

Answer 50

phosphorylates inositol phospholipids and promote cell survival

Question 51

cleaved by PLCb to generate IP3

Answer 51

PI (4,5)P2

Question 52

not cleaved by PLC and remains only in the PM

Answer 52

PI(3,4,5)P3

Question 53

produce intracellular signaling proteins bind to PI(3,4,5)P3

Answer 53

PH domain

Question 54

major pathway activated by the hormone insulin

Answer 54

pi-3-kinase Akt

Question 55

two serine/threonine kinases with PH domains

Answer 55

Akt and PDK1

Question 56

receptors for some hormones; associated tyrosines kinases called janus kinases (JAKs)

Answer 56

cytokine receptors

Question 57

activate transcription regulators called STATs

Answer 57

JAKs

Question 58

best known for its role in the production of drosophilia neural cells

Answer 58

notch receptor protein

Question 59

process that depends on a contact dependnet signaling mechanism that is activated by a single pass transmembrane signal protein called Delta

Answer 59

lateral inhibition

Question 60

binds b-catenin and acts as degradation complex

Answer 60

protein degradation complex

Question 61

four proteins of the protein degradation omplex

Answer 61

casein kinase 1, glycogen synthase kinase 3, axin, APC

Question 62

sleep wake cycles of humans, anticipate the regular daily changes and take appropriate action in advance

Answer 62

circadian clocks

Question 63

controls our diurnal cycles of sleeping and waking, body temperature and hormone release

Answer 63

SCN cells

Question 64

a plant regulator responsible for stress signal in response to wounding, infection

Answer 64

ethylene

Question 65

interacts with CTR1, dimeric

Answer 65

ethylene receptors

Question 66

helps plans grow toward light

Answer 66

auxin

Question 67

dimeric, cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases which respon differentially and reversibly to red and far red light

Answer 67

phytochromes

Question 68

sensitive to blue light and have an important role in circadian clocks

Answer 68

cryptochromes