Terms and Definitions

Question 1

Aneuploidy

Answer 1

different number of chromosomes than “normal”

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

segment of DNA that codes for a trait

Question 3

How many genes are there

Answer 3

~ 25,000, some are polygenic

Question 4

Function of plasma membrane

Answer 4

help maintain homeostasis, site of chemical reactions or metabolic processes, certain features that have to do with cellular identity

Question 5

Fluid Mosaic model

Answer 5

Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol to stabilize

Question 6

Globular transmembrane proteins

Answer 6

serve as a conduit to let things in and out of a cell

Question 7

Linear glycoproteins

Answer 7

used for metabolism and identity

Question 8

Golgi

Answer 8

packed bio molecules, cis face nucleus/trans face away. ER supplies materials that go into the golgi, help build cell membranes, aid in function of smooth ER, makes microbodies

Question 9

Microbodies

Answer 9

misc. structures in the cell that perform specific tasks

Question 10

Examples of microbodies

Answer 10

Lysosomes, glyxisomes, peroxisomes

Question 11

Lysosomes

Answer 11

breaks down cells, autophagy

Question 12

Glyxisomes

Answer 12

makes starch available for embryonic plants

Question 13

Peroxisomes

Answer 13

put together in ER, Contains enzymes for breakdown of long chain fatty acids, free radials, and building cell products, breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Question 14

Chromatin

Answer 14

long chains of DNA

Question 15

Components of chromatin

Answer 15

DNA (heterochromatin and euchromatin)
Histones
Non-histone proteins

Question 16

Histones

Answer 16

organizational proteins, smaller molecules, primary purposes is compaction of DNA molecule, assembled in the cytoplasm.

Question 17

What are the 5 types of histones in chromatin

Answer 17

1-4: serve as a nucleus to wind DNA together, form a nucleosomes, nucleosomes form together to form a solenoid (loop domains)
5: form on the end of the molecule. H1 proteins. Linker proteins. Stabilize other proteins

Question 18

Microfilaments

Answer 18

solid structures that are helical in shape made of proteins actin and myosin, muscle movement

Question 19

Microtubules

Answer 19

cylindrical, hollow, larger and longer made of globular proteins called tubulin, add support to cell, form the spindle for use during cell division

Question 20

Intermediate fibers

Answer 20

not helical or tubular; wispy fibers made up of keratin. makes the cell tougher and maintain a regular shape

Question 21

What cells are more prone to problems such as radiation and chemicals

Answer 21

continuously dividing populations of cells. “renewal cell populations” harsher environments such as skin cells, blood cells (120).

Question 22

Do static cell population divide in an adult organisms such as nerve cells, heart muscles

Answer 22

No

Question 23

Fibroblast growth factor

Answer 23

Helpful in formation of blood cells, important to wound healing, proper bone growth, particularly long bones and facial bones

Question 24

Chalones

Answer 24

inhibit cell division in specific tissues

Question 25

Cyclin

Answer 25

responsible for forming mPF ( maturation promoting factor)--> informs when interphase goes to prophase

Question 26

Kinases

Answer 26

work in conjunction with cyclins as part of the cell division (mitotic clock), sometimes its communication is disrupted and cell division can be slowed down or get out of control

Question 27

Neoplasm

Answer 27

not all cells are cancerous, this is an atypical

Question 28

Metasis

Answer 28

spreads, or capable of setting up shop elsewhere

Question 29

Sarcoma

Answer 29

involves connective tissue

Question 30

Cancer cell characteristics

Answer 30

inheritable, don't differentiate, don't have density dependent inhibition

Question 31

Carcinoma

Answer 31

involves epithileal tissues

Question 32

Direct contact carcinogens

Answer 32

Benzene, forlmadehyde

Question 33

Procarcinogens

Answer 33

alpha participle contamination from radiation, cigarette smoke, dyes/gluesp

Question 34

Promoters

Answer 34

cigarette smoke, alcohol, hormone therapy

Question 35

What are other causes of cancer

Answer 35

biological: viruses, infections old age: mutation rate increase

Question 36

Cancer controls

Answer 36

UV, Chemo, precession therapy, research into cell division

Question 37

What are the 5 steps that can help control cell division

Answer 37

- Receiving the signal to divide (what can we do to cells that are receiving signals to divide?) o Mutation of the receptors increase over time cause the cell not to function correctly - Relay switch (Ras protein) that tells the cell to divide o The Ras can get stuck in the go position - Amplification o Kinase is important for cell reproduction and help send the signal along or amplify it, it works with Ras - Releasing the break o We have breaks called tumor suppressor genes that block the activity of other dangerous proteins, one of our brakes aƯect a protein called E2f (directs DNA replication) and helps control it -> mutation canaffectt the relay switch and cause it to go wild - Role of p53 (final track)

Question 38

Cytogenetics

Answer 38

studies chromosomes, their structure and role in inheritance and disease

Question 39

What are chromosomes 1-22 called and chromosome 23

Answer 39

1-22: autosomes or somatic 23: gametic or sex cells

Question 40

Metacentric

Answer 40

equal length arms

Question 41

Submetacentric

Answer 41

unequal length chromsome arm, p is shorter, l is longer

Question 42

Acrocentric

Answer 42

All chromosomal activity is in the l arms and the p arms are not really active

Question 43

Telocentric

Answer 43

small arms do not exist

Question 44

Amniocentesis

Answer 44

- a prenatal diagnostic test that involves removing a small sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus to analyze for fetal health conditions

Question 45

Chronic Villus Sampling

Answer 45

can be used earlier on in pregnancies, have th same cells as the baby, take a small sample and test for chromosomal abnormalities

Question 46

Fetal cell sorting

Answer 46

There is a possibility some of the fetal cells are in her blood, use to test

Question 47

Two common staining

Answer 47

Giesma, FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization)