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Terms and definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

what is external environment?

A

outside the body, we have very little control over this

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2
Q

what is internal environment?

A

inside the body, outside the cells, ECF

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3
Q

what is intracellular environment?

A

inside the cells, ICF

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4
Q

what is dynamic constancy

A

the levels may change over short periods of time but remain relatively constant over periods of time

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5
Q

what are paracrines and autocrines? how are they different?

A

Chemical Substances. Paracrine: cell targets nearby cell. Autocrine: cell targets itself.

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6
Q

What is the reflex receptor?

A

It can detect changes in [substance]ECF in systemic homeostatic processes

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7
Q

What is the threshold stimulus of reflex receptor?

A

what determines sensitivity of reflect receptors, determines the normal range

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8
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

It carries information from reflex receptor to integrating center

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9
Q

What is the integrating center?

A

It receives a stimulus, analyzes the information and generates an appropriate response

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10
Q

What is the mechanistic explanation

A

describes how something happens

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11
Q

What is the teleological explanation

A

describes why something happens

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12
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

dual solubility (ex: phospholipids)

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13
Q

What is an exogenous ligand?

A

a chemical substance that is a competitive inhibitor, will block endogenous ligand and bind to its active site

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14
Q

What is an endogenous ligand?

A

a naturally occurring ligand within the body

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15
Q

What are leak currents?

A

a charge is flowing across the membrane, even at rest there is a measure change.

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16
Q

What are the two types of channels?

A

open and gated

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17
Q

What the three types of gated channels?

A

chemically gated, mechanically gated, and voltage gated

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18
Q

What are the four ion channel gating mechanisms?

A
  1. ligand-gated
  2. phosphorylation-gated
  3. voltage-gated
  4. stretch or pressure-gated
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19
Q

How is covalent modulation done through?

A

Kinase or phosphatase

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20
Q

What are the three properties of carriers?

A

specificity, saturation and competition

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21
Q

What are the three properties of active transporters?

A

specificity, saturation and competition

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22
Q

Structural proteins include what three cell-to-cell juntions:

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
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23
Q

Function of tight junctions:

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A

prevents intercellular movement of fluids and dissolved substances

24
Q

Function of desmosomes:

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A

structural support

25
Function of gap junctions:
cell to cell communications via ions
26
Can cells have more than one cell-to-cell junction?
Yes, it just depends on the function of the cell
27
What are the three properties of enzymes?
specificity, saturation and competition
28
How long does it take for a protein to synthesize?
2 hours
29
How does the cell keep enough proteins?
It synthesized in advance in the inactive form and activate it when needed
30
What is the Mass Action Model?
A+B C + D, where k1=k2 at equilibrium
31
Membrane Structure Summary:
- selective permeable barrier - mosaic - dynamic - fluid
32
what are the two mechanisms of membrane transport?
passive transport and active transport
33
Passive transport characteristics:
- no energy required - it goes down the gradient - diffusion, osmosis and bulk flow
34
Active transport characteristics:
- needs energy - up gradients - active transporters
35
Passive transport rate of movement is directly proportional and inversely proportional to what
direct: TEMPERATURE indirect: MASS OF MOLECULE
36
Passive transport is always moving towards what
Moves towards equilibrium
37
What is the driving force of the mass and heat flow model?
the [ ] gradient
38
What can alter the driving force?
Any resistance can alter it
39
Simple diffusion includes what type of substances?
hydroPHOBIC/ lipoPHILIC substances
40
Facilitated diffusion includes what type of substances?
hydroPHILIC/lipoPHOBIC substances
41
Simple diffusion through a membrane:
- slow - unregulated - moves directly through - doesn't require a plasma membrane
42
Facilitated diffusion through a membrane:
- fast - regulated - needs channels or carriers - requires a plasma membrane
43
SDR equation
(deltaG)(T)(A)/(R)(D) G=gradient, T=temp, A=SA, R=resistance, D=diffusion distance
44
FDR equation
(deltaG)(T)(A)(#channels)(P) G=gradient, T=temp, A=SA, P=probability
45
What is random thermal motion?
molecules in a fluid are continuously and randomly bouncing around
46
osmosis:
the movement of H2O across a plasma membrane down a [free H2O] gradient
47
osmolarity:
the total (free) solute concentration of a solution of permeable AND impermeable solutes
48
isosmotic
bathing solution Osm = cytosolic Osm
49
hyposmotic
bathing solution Osm < cytosolic Osm
50
hyperosmotic
bathing solution Osm > cytosolic Osm
51
tonicity:
impermeable substances ONLY, determines the direction of water via osmosis
52
isotonic
concentration of impermeable solute = cell solute
53
hypotonic
concentration of impermeable solute < cell solute
54
hypertonic
concentration of impermeable solute > cell solute
55
what does it mean to be electrogenic:
establishes negative membrane potential

Physiology (6 decks)

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