Terms and Key Principles Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What is the term for the front of the body?
A
Anterior
2
Q
What is the term for the back of the body?
A
Posterior
3
Q
What does Lateral refer to?
A
Outside
4
Q
What does Medial refer to?
A
Inside
5
Q
What is the term for above in anatomical terminology?
A
Superior
6
Q
What is the term for below in anatomical terminology?
A
Inferior
7
Q
What movements occur in the Sagittal Plane?
A
Forward, back, up, and down movements (flexion & extension)
8
Q
What type of movements occur in the Frontal Plane?
A
Side-to-side movements (abduction & adduction)
9
Q
What do the Transverse Plane and Longitudinal Axis refer to?
A
Rotational movements (internal & external rotation)
10
Q
Fill in the blank: Flexion is a given joint moving _______ in the sagittal plane.
A
forward
11
Q
Fill in the blank: Extension is a given joint moving _______ in the sagittal plane.
A
backward
12
Q
What is Abduction in terms of joint movement?
A
A given joint moving sideways away (laterally) from the midline of the body
13
Q
What is Adduction in terms of joint movement?
A
A given joint moving sideways towards (medially) the midline of the body
14
Q
What does Internal Rotation involve?
A
A given joint rotating the transverse plane towards the midline of the body
15
Q
What does External Rotation involve?
A
A given joint rotating in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body
16
Q
What is Anterior Glide?
A
The act of the femur sliding forward (anteriorly) in the acetabulum (hip)
17
Q
What is Posterior Glide?
A
The act of the femur sliding backward (posteriorly) in the acetabulum (hip)
18
Q
What does Compression refer to?
A
The act of producing force, usually as things move closer together. Usually associated with internal rotation.
19
Q
What does Expansion refer to?
A
The act of a given segment yielding, or widening in size. Usually associated with external rotation.
20
Q
What is Nutation?
A
The act of the sacrum tipping forward in the sagittal plane (flexion)
21
Q
What is Counternutation?
A
The act of the sacrum tipping backward in the sagittal plane (extension)
22
Q
What does Pronation involve?
A
The act of the foot arch dropping & moving closer to the floor
23
Q
What does Supination involve?
A
The act of the foot arch lifting & raising away from the floor
24
Q
What is Alternation in joint actions?
A
Shifting between a given joint action between sides of the body
25
What is Reciprocation?
The coordinated, alternating movement of opposite limbs or body parts, typically seen in activities like walking or swimming
26
What does Relative Motion refer to?
Segments within a given structure of the body moving in a given direction, at different speeds or magnitudes
27
What does Orientation mean in anatomical terms?
An entire structure of the body moving as one unit, without any segmental rotation occurring within it
28
"Compression" v.s. "Compressed"
Compression
The active process of creating force or
pressure, often associated with movement or
muscular contraction.
Compressed
The state of being under pressure or reduced
in volume, which can be a result of external
forces or postural habits.
29
Alternation Between Expansion & Compression:
1. Reciprocal Movement
2. Opposite Actions
Reciprocal Movement
The body works in an alternating,
reciprocating manner
Opposite Actions
Whatever is happening on one side,
the opposite is usually happening on
the other
30
31
What is the process of inhalation?
Inhalation = Expansion
## Footnote
Inhalation involves the external rotation and abduction of the ribcage.
32
What is the process of exhalation?
Exhalation = Compression
## Footnote
Exhalation involves the internal rotation and adduction of the ribcage.
33
34
What are the two key actions in sacral mechanics?
Nutation (flexion/tipping forward) & Counternutation (extension/tipping back)
35
What happens during inhalation in sacral mechanics?
Counternutation, Innominate flexion, abduction, external rotation
36
What happens during exhalation in sacral mechanics?
Nutation, Innominate extension, adduction, internal rotation
37
What is the range of motion for SI joint movement?
SI Joint movement factually unclear – ranges from 1-8 degrees in literature
38
Why is SI joint movement visually demonstrated as exaggerated?
Therefore ALL visually demonstrated SI joint movement will be exaggerated for visual demonstration
39
How significant is sacrum movement?
Sacrum movement very small, but important given how the pelvic floor musculature will contract/relax
40
What is the relevance of sacrum positioning?
Sacrum positioning will be most relevant to biased structure of individuals & how different pelvic shapes bias certain sacral movements
41
What does hip internal rotation signify?
Hip Internal Rotation = Pelvis turning towards that side
42
What does hip external rotation signify?
Hip External Rotation = Pelvis turning away from that side
43
What does femoral internal rotation indicate?
Femoral Internal Rotation = Posterior glide of femoral head
44
What does femoral external rotation indicate?
Femoral External Rotation = Anterior glide of femoral head
45
What is Femoral Internal Rotation?
Femoral Internal Rotation = Posterior glide of femoral head
46
What is Femoral External Rotation?
Femoral External Rotation = Anterior glide of femoral head
47
What happens during Pelvic Internal Rotation?
Foot follows leg: Foot internal rotation & pronation
48
What happens during Pelvic External Rotation?
Foot follows leg: Foot external rotation & supination
49
What is the Hip Flexion Movement Arc associated with Internal Rotation?
Sacral Nutation, Femoral Internal Rotation, Tibial Internal Rotation, Foot Pronation
50
What is the significance of Muscle Leverage in hip flexion?
Internal rotators & adductors have most leverage to work at 90 degrees of hip flexion due to ↑ length-tension relationships
## Footnote
(Neumann, 2010)
51
What is the function of the piriformis?
The piriformis switches its moment arm to internal rotation at ~90 degrees of hip flexion
## Footnote
(Levangie, 2011)
52
What is the optimal length-tension relationship for hamstrings?
Hamstrings' optimal length-tension relationship is at 90 degrees of hip & knee flexion
## Footnote
(Levangie, 2011)
53
What is the Hip Extension Movement Arc associated with External Rotation?
Sacral Counter-Nutation, Femoral External Rotation, Tibial External Rotation, Foot Supination
54
What occurs during Pelvic Mechanics – Turning Towards?
Turning Towards: Hip Internal Rotation, Femoral External Rotation, Tibial External Rotation, Foot Supination
55
What occurs during Pelvic Mechanics – Turning Away?
Turning Away: Hip External Rotation, Femoral Internal Rotation, Tibial Internal Rotation, Foot Pronation
56
What is the main purpose of these joint actions?
Shift our center of gravity into one side of our body (hemisphere), own that position, then shift out of that hemisphere into the other
57
What is the definition of Grounding?
The summation of combined joint actions that allow us to effectively shift our center of gravity over to one side as we push into the ground and the ground pushes back up at us
58
Why is Grounding important?
We cannot effectively shift our center of gravity from side-to-side if we cannot properly sense the ground
59
What is 'Mindless Activation'?
'Mindless Activation' refers to exercises that may not engage the brain effectively, such as mini-band lateral walks and clamshells.
60
What is the sequence of influence in movement?
The sequence is: The brain -> Skeleton -> Muscles.
61
How does skeletal position affect muscular function?
Skeletal position drives muscular function.
62
What should be respected in movement training?
It is important to respect the brain.
63
How are references related to gait?
References relate to gait by identifying where in the gait cycle the position/muscle is being used.
64
What does it mean if you can't breathe through a position?
You don't own it.
65
What type of breathing is associated with the sympathetic 'fight & flight' response?
Tense, anxious, shallow breathing.
66
What does the brain sense during sympathetic breathing?
A threat.
67
What type of breathing promotes the parasympathetic 'rest & digest' response?
Slow, long, controlled breathing.
68
What does parasympathetic breathing allow the brain to do?
Let go & accept unfamiliar positions.
69
What is the first step in proper breathing guidelines?
Set Up: Put hands on lower ribs, relax belly. 'Jelly belly.'
70
What should you do during the Exhale step?
Exhale all the air out through your mouth until you feel obliques turn on. RELAX.
71
What is the duration of the Pause step?
Pause for five full seconds with your tongue on the roof of your mouth.
72
What is the proper technique for Inhaling?
Inhale slowly through your nose without lower ribs or shoulders coming up.
73
What is biotensegrity?
A model of the body's structure where continuous tension and discontinuous compression create a stable, flexible system.
74
What is the key concept of biotensegrity?
The body's structures are interconnected, distributing forces throughout the system rather than isolating them.
75
How does understanding biotensegrity help in movement analysis?
It helps in analyzing movement patterns and developing effective treatment strategies.
76
What is the most efficient structure in nature?
The triangle is the most efficient structure with lines.
77
What does the principle 'As above, so below' suggest?
Patterns observed in nature are often repeated at different scales, from the microscopic to the macroscopic.
78
What is the role of tension in structural movement?
Structure moves around a fixed point evenly dispersing stress and tension.
79
How do cells respond to tension?
Cells respond to chemical signals from other cells based on perception of tension.
80
What is mechanotransduction?
The process where cells reorganize themselves along lines of perceived stress.
81
Where can tension characteristics be observed?
Tension exists in blood vessels, muscles, fascia, and bones.
82
What is the structure of the elbow and knee?
A tensioned network of cables.
83
What is the function of the elbow and knee?
Designed to redistribute stress amongst the entire system.
84
What are the implications of changes in one part of the body?
Changes will influence distal structures via lines of stress.
85
What are the two choices in movement?
Expansion (External Rotation) and Compression (Internal Rotation).
86
What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
Flexion and Extension.
87
What movements occur in the frontal plane?
Abduction and Adduction.
88
What movements occur in the transverse plane?
Internal and External Rotation.
89
What forms the foundation for understanding human movement?
The fundamental principles of biomechanics.
90
What does Boyle's Law state?
Things get closer together as they compress.
