Terms and Points Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Helot
A
- enslaved by Lakaedaemonians nations, inhabiting the area of Peloponnese even prior to Doric invasion.
- the name comes from the village Helos or Elos.
- Number of times they rose in a revolt, but were submitted.
- They bore a status some sort of public slaves with the assigned places for living and particular duties to perform.
- Helots = Messenians + Lakonians.
2
Q
Perioiki
A
- free subjests of Sparta, thus, not Spartans.
- together with Spartans consituted a free population of Lakonya, i.e. Lacedaemonians
3
Q
RHETA
A
- an unwritten covenant btw the lawgiver and his people, upon which Lykonian systems was resting.
- a great rheta was found in Plutarch.
- the text of this document unveils a complex system of Spartan society.
- Great rheta ourlines the relationship btw different organs of governamnet and monarchs.
4
Q
Acropolis
A
- The word polis originally denoted a citadel, reflecting the early Greek’s practice of choosing a defensible rocky hill as a place of refuge when they settled an area.
- Later, they refered to this citadel as acropolis, or high town.
- Then they strengthened it with stone walls; constructed houses for gods.
- Prominent ones - for the local patron deity >> acopolis became the religious center of hte polis.
5
Q
“AMPHICTYONIES”
A
federation of city states united for religious purposes (for one god, for administration/protection of one god’s shrine/sanctuary).
6
Q
Archon
A
- in Archaic Greece, one of the ruling magistrates, namely, the civil leader;
- elected for 1 year.
“archon” - “leader”;
“anarchy” - “without archon”.
Eventually, they would start a new chronology with “archons” (it was during the rulership of this and that). After being one of the magistrates, one becomes in the council for life. Usually each polis had all three of those (depends a bit on the development of each city, but eventually).
7
Q
Areopagus
A
- the name for the council of nobles, in Tuskan Athens (to differentiate it from newer Boule, created by Solon with 400 members – 100 from each tribe).).
- name was derived from the meeting place - on the Hill of Ares, northwest of Acropolis.
- Under Solon :
- guarding the nomoi
- they had special responsibility for the punishment of wrongdoers
- also judged upon those who had conspired to subvent of the demos
8
Q
Astu
A
- urban nucleus of polis
9
Q
Baselita
A
- one of the names the nobles called themselves, suggesting that they come from the king (who is no longer in power)
10
Q
Boule
A
In Athens, the council or standing committee of the citizen assembly. Members - the bouleutai. Meeting place - the bouleuterion.
– in aristocratic society, an aristocrat would maintained the power by the virtue of being a member of the council for life. Archons – only for a year; after - into the concil.
>> before Kleisthenes, aristocrats could plan an agenda for a very long period (assembly just voted Y/N)
*With Kleithenes, the council was divided into 10 and only 1/10 met at once – prytanies. *
– the partnership btw the new boule and the ekklesia in the 5th and 4th c. - at the center of teh evolution of radical Athenian democracy.
11
Q
Chora
A
territory of the polis
12
Q
Demes
A
– country district or village, as distinct from a polis, or city-state.
– natural village units of Attica
– The demes of Attica were local corporations with police powers and their own property, cults, and officials.
– now the life of citizens was recorded in demes; before, everything was registered in phratrias.
NON-ARISTOCRATIC BODY :
Kleithenes was weakening aristocracy.
Demes became the basis for a new citizen-body structure created by Kleithenes.
13
Q
Dēmos
A
- a collective term for “the people” of a palce;
- sometimes, in a restricted (and derogatory) sense,
“the common people”;
- sometimes, in a technical sense (especially in inscriptions),
“the people constituted as a citizen assembly (ekklēsia)”.
- dēmos (-oi) as a local subdivision, natural or artificially created, of a polis; this we always give in English (deme, demes)
14
Q
Ekklesia
A
The assembly of adult male citizens in Athens and elsewhere.
15
Q
Eupatrid
A
- man of good birth
16
Q
geroucia
A
- name used for “council” in Sparta, comes from”gerontes”, “elders”
17
Q
Gerousia
A
The council of 28 elders (gerontes) in Sparta
18
Q
Hektemoroi
A
[a full significance of this term (along with pelatai) is in some doubt]
- lit. means “sixth-parters”;
- thus, the suggestion is that, being in debt, in addition to any other obligation the poor presumably had to surrender this proportion of the produce of the land they worker.
We meet this in relation to the crisis met by Solon.
19
Q
Heliaea
A
- court of appeal created by Solon which heard appeals by citizens from decisions of state officials.
- it provided an effective check on power of the magistrates and elevated the citizens themselves, i.e. lower people in legal capacity.
20
Q
Hippeis
A
- One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
- However, according to the sources, the name itself has been used prior to Solon’s arhonship for the identification of aristocratic horsemen.
- Mid. 7th c. BC - hippeis becoming the mainstay of warfare :
- Common landowners who had the mains to euip themselves with amrs are becoming hippeis.
- However, according to the sources, the name itself has been used prior to Solon’s arhonship for the identification of aristocratic horsemen.
”… a crucial aspect of warfare was cavalry fighting, since the hoplite is useless without being in formation and there was no knowledge of such things or hoplite drill originally, so that the strength of an army lay in the cavalry… [A]s poleis grew in size and the numbers in them capable of bearing arms increased, a larger number of people shared in the governamnet. …” Aristotle, *Politics *(IV) [p.68]
- Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of 300 medimnoi could belong to this class.
- The “associates” of this class (along with those from pentakosiomedimnoi and *zeugitai) *could fill positions in the higher offices [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].
21
Q
Kolakretai
A
- a board of officials with important financial duties in the early period [ca. Solon’s times, i.e. early 6th c.]
22
Q
Kyrbeis
A
- wooden tablets upon which the nomoi were written during the time of Solon.
23
Q
LEAGUES
A
the federation of city states usually in a political system – for military purposes (and there were cities that were stronger and kind of bullied other into being underneath).
24
Q
Naukraries
A
- primitive local subdivision of Attika with some sort of responsibility for the provision of ships.
- naukraroi** **- their officials : they were largely superseded in the late 6th c. by the Kleisthenic demes.
25
Nomos (-oi)
Either a law or a conventional practice.
26
Oikos (-koi)
A household or family in its broadest sense, personal and material.
27
Ostrakismos
_OSTRAKISMOS_ :
* a procedure whereby _a vote of the ekklesia_ (by writing one's name on *ostraka *) could send a _leading public figure_ into temporary _exile_.
* they did, however, were entiteled to return and to the maintenance of their property
28
Pelatai
[a full significance is in some doubt]
* later came to be a Greek tanslation and equivalent of the Latin *clienetes;*
* or, more generally, the people who were in a _dependent state_ of some sort.
29
Pentakosiomedimnoi
* One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
* Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of _500 medimnoi_ could belong to this class (hence, the name).
* The "associates" of this class (along with those from *hippeis and* *zeugitai) *could fill positions in _the higher offices_ [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].
30
Phylobasilei
- kings of four pre-Kleithenic tribes
31
Polemarch
- in Archaic Greece, one of the ruling elected magistrates, namely, military leader of hte polis;
- elected for 1 year.
"polemos" - "war"
32
Polis
* a unification of smaller village into a small autonomous state which would be **walled**.
## Footnote
Normally:
* the *city was* - *the center*,
* some *villages* and *farms* all *around*,
* all the *fields* on the *back*
\>\> very good defense: the enemy could be seens.
One of the _characteristic features of Greek history_ is the city state – Polis.
PHYSICAL characteristics of polis :
1 – **_wall_** (Sparta didn’t have walls) and the surrounding areas;
2 – **_agora_** – market place; they meet there if necessary because this was where they shopped and eat and gossiped (in Hellenistic Era, they met in stova – shopping place too).
3 – **_temple_**.
The word *polis* originally denoted a _citadel_, reflecting the early Greek's practice of choosing a defensible rocky hill as a place of refuge when they settled an area.
Later, they refered to this citadel as *acropolis*, or high town.
33
Politeia
Ancient constitution
34
PRYTANEIA
One-tenth of the Athenian administrative year, during which the 50 representatives of a tribe, the prytaneis, convened and presided over the boule and ekklesia (Kleisthenes's Council of 500)
35
Seisachtheia
shaking off burdens
36
Statis
Inter-factional strife or civil disturbance, sometimes running to civil war.
37
Stele (-ai)
A block or slab of stone, usually marble , cut with a view to its bearing an inscription.
38
Strategos (-oi)
A general, usually a member of a board of generals. Introduced by Kleisthenes.
39
Synoikismos
- an act of "settling together"; - an event when a number of villages merge into a single polis
40
The Eleven
* board of officials in charge of _prison_ and the _punishment_ of offenders
41
Thesmia
Statutes (rule, law)
42
Thesmothetai
Before Draco (whose legislation was published around 621 BC - thus, in the 7th c.) In Athenian executive board of annually elected members concisted of _nine rulling offices_ ( there were three main executive offices (*the Archon Besileus, the Polemarch, the Archon*) and six junior archons, who _dealt with miscellaneous judicial problems_ :
- recorded legal decisions [statutes - **_thesmia_**]
- served as judges.
- acc to Aristotle, this archonship was never held longer than a year.
43
Thetes
* One of the four classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
* However, according to the sources, the name itself had been used prior to Solon's times for the identification of _poor hired laborers and artisans_;
* Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of _**less than **200 medimnoi_ belonged to this low class : _too poor to provide their own arms and amor_.
* The "associates" of this class could _only participate in *ekklesia* and *dikasteria*_ ; _the higher offices_ [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai]were filled by *pentakosiomedimnoi*, *zeugitai* and *hippeis.*
44
Tritty
In Kleithenes's tribal system, each of 10 tribes included 1/10 part of each of the three areas of Attica (Island, City and Coeat). This 1/10 "segment" is called *_tritty_*. Made up utterly to construct tribes.
45
Tyrants
* _TYRANT_ - new kind of king. They _seize_ the power and _not inherit._
* _TYRANTS & DEMOS_. Tyranos were champions of people and they **gave people rights against the aristocracy**.
Originally, they were very much _popular_. In the end, tyrant becomes _associated with cruelty_. They lasted till the Hellenistic period.
• _TYRANTS & LAWGIVERS_. Problems of the period weren’t solved only by tyrants but _also by lawgivers_.
_Tyrant_
* seizes power,
* maintains power,
* gives it to children.
* doesnt legislate - above the constitution.
_Lawgiver_
* is appointed to his position;
* gives power via written laws;
* leaves when he is done.
* _THE TERM_ might not be Greek but these were the _Lydians_ who started using it.
* REASONS. In Athens : powerty, debts
46
Zeugitai
* One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
* However, according to the sources, the name itself had been used prior to Solon's times for the identification of _the hoplites, the ordinary farmers making up the phalanx_;
* Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of _200 medimnoi_ could belong to this class.
* The "associates" of this class (along with those from *pentakosiomedimnoi and* *hippeis) *could fill positions in _the higher offices_ [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].
47
Draco
* One of the eary _lawgivers_ (nomothetai) in Athens.
* His work was published around 621 BC
* We dont know much about him : from his name comes "dracon" as his laws are believed to be harsh.
* Only his laws on _homocide_ remained only.
* introduced the concept of _intention_ \>\> different _procedures for each kind of homicide_.
48
Kleithenes
_KLEITHENES_ - from Alkmanionid clan
**508 - 501 BC**
* scholars **_do not know what position Kleithenes officially held_** - once everything was doen, he kind of dissapeared.
* the main thing : **_reorganization of citizen-body_**.
_HIS MEASURES_ :
* _PHYLAI_ :
* 4 ⇒ 10 (named after heroes; naturally, also 10 *phylarhoi)*;
* _each phyle_ :
* included 1/10 (a.k.a. ***tritty** *) of each of the three factions (_Island_/_Uphill_ , _City_/_Plain_ , _Shore_/_Coast_) \>\> each tribe = _three trittyes_ (assigned by lot)
* could contain up to _8 or 9_ **_small demes_** or _only 1 or 2_ **_large ones_** (to balande out the uneven entities of village and suburb areas)
\>\> tribes = **_mixture of areas_**.
Kleithenes also divided *astu* on _village_ and _suburb lines._
* _DEMES_ - basis of the new system :
* natural village units/councils in Attiks;
* created *_demarchoi_** - *officials of demes (same duties as *_naukraroi_* had) :
* *_naukraries_ *were primitive local subdivision of Attika with some sort of responsibility for the provision of ships. *_Naukraroi_ - *their officials. **They were largely superseded in the late 6th c. by the Kleisthenic demes**.
* now this is the place where the_ life affairs of citizens were registered _(before - phratrias) :
* *polites* , henceforth, was to be a man properl registered in the ledges of his deme.
* _BOULE OF 500_ :
* _each plyle contributed 50 members_ to the council \>\> 50\*10 = 500.
* from the _demes_ of each phyle
* its main work - ***probouleusis*** : prior delibaration in advance of a meeting and a decision of the ekklesia.
* before
* member were in power for life;
* now
* they were there for a year;
* divided into 10 ***prytanies* **: not all members met at the same time, but by portions of 10% - only 10th part is in session for _a month_.
* they could _not be there more than twice_.
\>\> power of boule is weakened. Decision making is tranferred to *ekklesia* :
* the latter meets 40 times per year;
* *strategoi* works in assembly as well.
In partnership with the *ekklesia* it was to prove one of the _cardinal features fo Athenian radical democracy_ in the 5th and 4th c.
! _Areopagus is still there_. Not sure of their role tho.
* _OSTRAKISMOS_ :
* a procedure whereby _a vote of the ekklesia_ (by writing one's name on *ostraka *) could send a _leading public figure_ into temporary _exile_.
* they did, however, were entiteled to return and to the maintenance of their property
\>\> demes were afraid of tyrants.
_WHY just exile_? Because there were no opposition party which this person could join.
* _GENE_ & _PHRATRIAS_. Left Athenians free to belong to them as they did before.**__**
_EFFECT_ :
an _unprecedent fragmentation_ which facilitated an _unprecedented unification_.
49
Kylon
By late 7th c. Bc, the tyrany was established in several poleis (including Megara).
* ex-Olympic victor;
* attempted to establish tyranny ca. 632 BC :
* Being backed up by the oracle at Delphi (Oracle told him to seize power during the festival of Zeus) and his father-in-law (Theagenes,_ tyrant of Megara, Athens' neighbour and enemy_), _seized the Acropolis_.
* They were besieged and his followers (though being promised to be left unharmed) were _persecuted_ by **Alcmaeonid clan** (who were cursed by the Delphi for such brutality); _Kylon and his brother managed to escape_.
50
Peisistratos
– leader of the Uphill faction during the rivalry after Solon's period;
– **represented the poor :**weakened aristochracy.
– the rule of Peisistratos and his sons lasted for _36 years in all_.
– initially managed to establish himself only _on the third attempt_ :
_Attempt #1_ [ca. **561-560 BC**]
* Injured himself and his mules.
* Came to agora and claimed that he was attacked in a murder-attempt.
* Asked for, and was granted (as his reputation was already fine *due to his commands against Megarians*), a bodyguard.
* With the support of bodyguards he seized the Acropolis and power.
* **did not disturb existing ofices - _did not overthrew the constitution_;**
* **governed peacefully, fairly.**
_Expulsion #1._
* soon supporters of Megakles (Shore) and Lykourgos (Plain) _drove him out_ :
* his position was not yet that firm as he only was in power for a year
_Attempt #2_.
* after the expulsion, the rivalry btw Shore and Plain took place;
* **Megakles** appeared to be loosing \>\> called for Peisistrates :
* P. would be reistablished if married _M.'s daughter_.
* P. agreed.
* made a scheme to fool others than Athena herself called P. back;
* P. - reistablished and married M.'s daughter.
_"Explusion" #2_.
* P. already had grown-up sons and M. was from the cursed clan.
\>\> P. didnt consumate the marriage which _greatly offended M_.
* M. made up with his rivals to punish P.
* P. left to Eretria - around ca. **556 BC**
_Attempt #3_.
* Together with his sons, decided to regain tyranny (Hippias's idea):
* began to collect gifts and contributions from poleis (as people favored their cause)
* _Returned 10 years later_ **-** in ca. **546 BC**.
* measures:
– hired more mercenaries and raised revenues;
– "took hostages the sons of those Athenians who had remained in Attika and not immediately fled, and sent them to Naxos"
– purified the island of Delos.
_HIS RULERSHIP_:
– did _not overthrew the constitution_ (tyrants tended not to overthrow constitution but to sit on top of it).
– long lasting archievements in the areas:
* – public works;
* – encouragement of cults and festivals.
– his rulership is frequently refered to as "golden age" :
* – _loaned money to the poor_ to further their work:
* – _redistributed land_ - wanted ppl for have jobs to be farmers
**----- to have them _spread_ around the chora; to have them comfortably _occupied with their own concerns_ - for them to have _no time for public affairs_**.
* – appointed _judges to tour the demos_ (for the same reason - **to keep demos from astu**)
– in general, DID NOT impose heavy burden on Athenians, maintained PEACE.
51
Solon
* Athenian lawgiver, elected in 594 BC.
* Greek history starts with him.
* the earliest Greek political leader whose own words are known to us through his poetry:
BUT the sources on Solon _are not his contemporaries_; his laws were on wooden plaques (*kyrbeis*).
\>\> we never know if any material on him is truthful
After a long period of statis, two sides came together and agreed on Solon as a _mediator_ and _lawgiver_ [S. was archon in **594/3 BC**] to solve the tough situation created by the debts and slavery. Before - _politeia was entirely oligarchic and many low-class citizens were turned into "hetktemoroi"_.
_SOLON'S MEASURES_:
**1. _cancelled_** [*seisachtheia *- shaking off burdens]** : **
* **cancelled the debts** [both private and public]** : **
* **removed the "*horoi*"** [markers that were fixed everywhere on the land signifying the land in debt, a.k.a. "boundary stones"] ;
* **cancelled slavery **:
* forbade loans on the _security of the borrower's person_.
**2. _created_ / _altered_ **:
* **division into 4 classes based on the wealth **(as they were established before : _it is generally felt that Solon was the creator of these quentitatively calibrated census-classes, even if the three lower ones were given names already in use_) **:**
* ***_pentakosiomedimnoi_*** : owners of property with an annual yield of _500 medimnoi_ [\>\> purely numerical name];
* ***_hippeis_*** : owners of property with an annual yield of _300 medimnoi_ (some say - the class of men who was _able to keep horses_)
* ***_zeugitai_*** : _200 medimnoi_;
* ***_thetes_*** : everyone else (meaning below 200 medimnoi).
*__**Pentakosiomedimnoi*, *hippeis, *and *zeugitai* could fill the positions of/in _the higher offices_ in accordance with the size of their census:
* _9 archontes_,
* _the treasures_,
* _the poletai_,
* _the *Eleven*_ (*board of officials in charge of prison and the punishment of offenders*),
* _the *kolakretai*_ (*a board of officials with important financial duties in the early period *[ca. Solon's times, i.e. early 6th c.])
*Thētes* - only a memberhsip of the *ekklēsia *and *dikasteria* ( -ion; a jury-court in classical Athens, manned by large panels of the annual pool of 6000 dikastai).
\>\> **_redifying power in terms of money**_ \>\> _**redifying aristocracy_**.
* "**Boulē of 400**"
- 100 members from each tribe [*Plutarch and Aristotle state so but scholars are uncertain how it functioned*].
- **"Council of the Areiopagos"** :
- to them he assigned the task of _guarding the *nomoi*_
- they had special responsibility for _the punishment of wrongdoers_
- also judged upon those who had _conspired to subvent of the demos_
* **ekklesia** floourished under Solon :
Being _not permited to elect legislation_, it did **_elect all magistrate_**.
Had to meet _40 times a year_.
* created "***_heliaea_***" :
* _court of appeal_ which heard appeals by citizens from decisions of state officials.
* it provided an effective check on power of the magistrates and elevated the citizens themselves, i.e. _lower people in legal capacity_.
\>\> **_beginning of Athenian democracy_**
* offered **Athenian _citizenship_ to foreign artisans** :
A number of _Corinthian potteres_ responded to the invitation and _by 550 BC Athens had overtaken formely dominant Corinth_ in the Mediterranean pottery trade.
**3. _kept_ :**
* **Draco's *nomoi* on homicide**;
**4. _did not_** :
* did not _restibute the land_
_TO SUM UP Solon_ :
\>\> _BENEFITS to the demos:_
– prohibition of loans on secutiry of debtour's person;
– ability to seek _legal redress _on behalf of the wronged;
– the right to _appeal to dikasterion_.
\>\> trying to please everybody, not everybody was indeed happy :
– _poor_ : wished a complete redistribution of property;
– _nobles_ : wished back their traditional positions.
\>\> **_not_** a democracy yet :
– more flexible system (_ppl could **vote** and **prosecute**_)
– but _council is still in control_
• Was Solon’s deal the complete solution to the problem? _No_ :
_Poor still are poor_ : if they cant borrow anymore, what would they do?
\>\>_ tyrany did come eventually_.
• How could they get rid of the debters?
_Send them to the colonies – ca. 750s BC_. This was a temporary solution [*Another reasons for colonization : goods-trading*]
52
Three factions after Solon
– The crisis _not btw economic classes_ but _btw noble factions_ supported by strong client interests.
– These factions were led by _aristocrates_.
**– Three _factions_** (named after regions of Attika in which it farmed):
* **_The Shore_**.
* led by _Megakles_ from Alkmaions (the cursed family).
* aimed on **_middle-of-the-road politeia:_**
* included bulk of _artisans_ and _merchants_;
* _supporters_ of Solonian reforms.
* **_The Plain_**.
* led by _Lykourgos_.
* wanted _**olygarchy**._
* __this group was _dominated by **old noble families**_ ;
* wanted to _challenge Solonian reforms_.
* **_The Uplands_**.
* led by _Peisistratos_.
* most inclined towards **_demos:_**
* **__**included _certain discontented elements_ (mb, _landless agricultural workers_ employed on large estates).
53
How did aristocrats maintain power at first (ca. 800 BC)?
1) by **_prestige_**:
- by having a **_reputation_** of good people (not oligarchs): by attributing themselves to the divisions (Phylia, Genos, Phratria, etc.) – the myths glorified aristocrats as descendants of the great heroes
\>\> they had _importance_ \>\> _infringing their power into social structure_.
2) through _landowning_ – **_wealth_**:
by running economics of society (as they owned lots of money) – establishing colonies (for trading and _getting rid of the troublesome individuals_).
3) by _expanding the law_ as they were legistrators:
\>\> _office of justice_ was in the hands of aristocrats;
* “government”:
- executive officer – _Archon_ – carries out the instructions;
- *COUNCIL* – for a limited group, **controlling the state** **– they were in power for _life_**
\>\> they could **_direct policy_**: by banning the _agenda_ (telling assembly to vote yes/no);
- _assembly_ – often for worriers, for a larger group.
54
What do we learn from *Iliad* and *Odessy* mainly?
That the kingsship was in decline (ca.800-600 BC).
55
Physical characteristics of polis
PHYSICAL characteristics of polis :
1 – **_wall_** (Sparta didn’t have walls) and the surrounding areas;
2 – **_agora_** – market place; they meet there if necessary because this was where they shopped and eat and gossiped (in Hellenistic Era, they met in stova – shopping place too).
3 – **_temple_**.
56
Tyrant vs. Lawgiver
## Footnote
**Power**:
_Tyrant_
* seizes power,
* maintains power,
* gives it to children.
* doesnt legislate - above the constitution.
_Lawgiver_
* is appointed to his position;
* gives power via written laws;
* leaves when he is done.
57
- the name for the council of nobles, in Tuskan Athens (to differentiate it from newer *Boule*).
- name was derived from the meeting place - on the _Hill of Ares_, northwest of Acropolis.
Areopagus
58
- one of the names the nobles called themselves, suggesting that they come from the _king_ (who is no longer in power)
Baselita
59
In Athens, the council or standing committee of the citizen assembly. Members - the bouleutai. Meeting place - the bouleuterion.
Boule
60
* a collective term for "**the people**" of a palce;
* sometimes, in a restricted (and derogatory) sense,
## Footnote
"**the common people**";
* sometimes, in a technical sense (especially in inscriptions),
"**the people constituted as a citizen assembly** (*ekklēsia*)".
Dēmos
61
The assembly of adult male citizens in Athens and elsewhere.
Ekklesia
62
- name used for "council" in Sparta, comes from"gerontes", "elders"
geroucia
63
The council of 28 elders (gerontes) in Sparta
Gerousia
64
[a full significance of this term (along with *pelatai*) is in some doubt]
* lit. means "*_sixth-parters_*";
* thus, the suggestion is that, being in debt, in addition to any other obligation the poor presumably had to surrender this proportion of the produce of the land they worker.
We meet this in relation to the crisis met by Solon.
Hektemoroi
65
* _court of appeal_ created by Solon which heard appeals by citizens from decisions of state officials.
* it provided an effective check on power of the magistrates and elevated the citizens themselves, i.e. _lower people in legal capacity_.
Heliaea
66
* One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
* However, according to the sources, the name itself has been used prior to Solon's arhonship for the identification of _aristocratic horsemen_.
* Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of _300 medimnoi_ could belong to this class.
* The "associates" of this class (along with those from *pentakosiomedimnoi and* *zeugitai) *could fill positions in _the higher offices_ [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].
Hippeis
67
- a board of officials with important _financial duties_ in the early period [ca. Solon's times, i.e. early 6th c.]
Kolakretai
68
- wooden tablets upon which the *nomoi* were written during the time of Solon.
Kyrbeis
69
- primitive local subdivision of Attika with some _sort of responsibility for the provision of ships_.
- *_naukraroi_**** ***- their officials : they were largely superseded in the late 6th c. by the Kleisthenic demes.
Naukraries
70
Either a law or a conventional practice.
Nomos (-oi)
71
A household or family in its broadest sense, personal and material.
Oikos (-koi)
72
* a procedure whereby _a vote of the ekklesia_ (by writing one's name on *ostraka *) could send a _leading public figure_ into temporary _exile_.
* they did, however, were entiteled to return and to the maintenance of their property
Ostrakismos
73
[a full significance is in some doubt]
* later came to be a Greek tanslation and equivalent of the Latin *clienetes;*
* or, more generally, the people who were in a _dependent state_ of some sort.
Pelatai
74
* One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
* Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of _500 medimnoi_ could belong to this class (hence, the name).
* The "associates" of this class (along with those from *hippeis and* *zeugitai) *could fill positions in _the higher offices_ [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].
Pentakosiomedimnoi
75
* a unification of smaller village into a small autonomous state which would be **walled**.
## Footnote
Normally:
* the *city was* - *the center*,
* some *villages* and *farms* all *around*,
* all the *fields* on the *back*
\>\> very good defense: the enemy could be seens.
The word *polis* originally denoted a _citadel_, reflecting the early Greek's practice of choosing a defensible rocky hill as a place of refuge when they settled an area.
Later, they refered to this citadel as *acropolis*, or high town.
Polis
76
One-tenth of the Athenian administrative year, during which the 50 representatives of a tribe, the prytaneis, convened and presided over the boule and ekklesia (Kleisthenes's Council of 500)
PRYTANEIA
77
Inter-factional strife or civil disturbance, sometimes running to civil war.
Statis
78
A block or slab of stone, usually marble , cut with a view to its bearing an inscription.
Stele (-ai)
79
A general, usually a member of a board of generals. Introduced by Kleisthenes.
Strategos (-oi)
80
- an act of "settling together"; - an event when a number of villages merge into a single polis
Synoikismos
81
* board of officials in charge of _prison_ and the _punishment_ of offenders
The Eleven
82
Statutes (rule, law)
Thesmia
83
* One of the four classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
* However, according to the sources, the name itself had been used prior to Solon's times for the identification of _poor hired laborers and artisans_;
* Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of _**less than **200 medimnoi_ belonged to this low class.
* The "associates" of this class could _only participate in *ekklesia* and *dikasteria*_ ; _the higher offices_ [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai]were filled by *pentakosiomedimnoi*, *zeugitai* and *hippeis.*
Thetes
84
* One of the higher classes in the wealth-based social system/political created by Solon ca. 594/3 BC.
* However, according to the sources, the name itself had been used prior to Solon's times for the identification of _the hoplites, the ordinary farmers making up the phalanx_;
* Only the owners of the property with an annual yield of _200 medimnoi_ could belong to this class.
* The "associates" of this class (along with those from *pentakosiomedimnoi and* *hippeis) *could fill positions in _the higher offices_ [the nine archontes, teh treasurers, the poletai, the Eleven, the Kolakretai].
Zeugitai
85
Apellai
* ekklesia in Doric language
