Terms: Basic Concepts 2

Question 1

verb tenses or markers used to indicate a one-time, completed action or unit of time. There is an aspect of a point in time. Most languages use in non-present contexts, but it can be used in past, present, or future.

Answer 1

Perfective

Question 2

verb tenses or markers used to indicate actions that are incomplete, ongoing, or habitual (happens routinely). There is an aspect of a flow of time.

Answer 2

Imperfective

Question 3

phonological principles that do not apply generally, but only in specific morphological contexts. For example, when derivation or inflection creates an environment that violates a language’s phonotactic constraints. This violation triggers a “repair strategy”.

Answer 3

Phonological processes

Question 4

vowels within a domain adjust to share one or more phonological feature such as height.

Answer 4

vowel harmony

Question 5

the insertion of a segment between two other segments that would otherwise be violating a phonotactic constraint.

Answer 5

epenthesis

Question 6

the omission of sounds, syllables, or words. Often occurs in fast speech, this occurs in morphophonology to repair a violation of a phonotactic constraint.

Answer 6

elision

Question 7

the transposition or exchange of sounds or syllables in a word. Often occurs as a ‘slip of the tongue’, this occurs in morphophonology to repair a violation of a phonotactic constraint.

Answer 7

metathesis

Question 8

the process involved when part of an affix (or word) is pronounced or spelled differently because of the surrounding elements. a.k.a.: allomorphy.

Answer 8

Alternation

Question 9

a phonetic variant form of a morpheme. Sometimes morphemes change their sound or their spelling but not their meaning. Each of these different forms is classed as an ______________.

Answer 9

Allomorph

Question 10

a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants or vowels) change to become more similar to other nearby sounds. A common type of phonological process across languages, ________________ can occur either within a word or between words.

Answer 10

assimilation

Question 11

In phonology, particularly within historical linguistics,_________________ is a phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become less similar. In English, ______________ is particularly common with liquid consonants such as /r/ and /l/ when they occur in a sequence

Answer 11

dissimilation

Question 12

a verb phrase

Answer 12

Predicate

Question 13

action/stative word

Answer 13

Verb (V)

Question 14

person, place, thing

Answer 14

Noun (N)

Question 15

describes a noun

Answer 15

Adjective (Adj)

Question 16

describes the predicate (when, frequency, or how the action takes place)

Answer 16

Adverb (Adv)

Question 17

specifies the noun

Answer 17

Determiner (Det)

Question 18

specifies a location

Answer 18

Preposition (P)

Question 19

‘specifies’ the verb

Answer 19

Auxiliary verb (Aux)

Question 20

will, would, can, could, may, might, must, should

Answer 20

modal verbs

Question 21

be, have, do

Answer 21

non-modal verbs

Question 22

describes a measure of Adj or P
very, too, quite, almost

Answer 22

Degree word

Question 23

combines phrases and clause

Answer 23

Conjunction (Conj)

Question 24

describes the quantity of N
no(ne), some, all, most, many, a few

Answer 24

Quantifier

Question 25

connects complement clauses into matrix clauses - I hope that I have enough time

Answer 25

Complementizer

Question 26

A lexical category that functions as the head of a prepositional phrase (into, with, for, etc.) and occurs before its complement

Answer 26

Preposition

Question 27

A lexical category that functions as the head of a prepositional phrase (into, with, for, etc.) and occurs after its complement

Answer 27

Postposition

Question 28

word that connects relative clause - That’s the person who has your book

Answer 28

Relativizer

Question 29

the result of one category being inflected to mark properties of another possession: an asymmetrical relationship where one constituent owns/rules over another constituent (my, your, his, her, etc.)

Answer 29

Agreement

Question 30

“first” = speaker/experiencer, “second” = addressee, “third” = an external referee, “inclusive” = a group including addressee, “exclusive” = a group not including addressee

Answer 30

person (deictic*)

Question 31

descriptions of objects and their relations in a given environment (here, there, that, etc.)

Answer 31

spatial (deictic)

Question 32

the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance (now, then, later, etc.)

Answer 32

temporal (deictic)

Question 33

the use of certain words to specify time, place, or person whose denotation changes with context (tomorrow, there, etc.)

Answer 33

*deixis

Question 34

a grammatical category that expresses "X and the group (of one or more members) associated with X", where X is a nominal, usually a person. “Susan and her colleagues”

Answer 34

associative

Question 35

one constituent receives the benefit of the situation in the clause. “She opened the door for Tom”

Answer 35

benefactive

Question 36

an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun “Mary’s book is about the men of Rome”

Answer 36

genitive

Question 37

indicates a location “The book is on the table”

Answer 37

locative

Question 38

the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb in _________–absolutive languages.

Answer 38

ergative

Question 39

the case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb in addition to being used for the citation form of a noun.

Answer 39

absolutive

Question 40

generally marks the subject of a verb, the noun “She greeted him"

Answer 40

nominative

Question 41

the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb, “She greeted him”

Answer 41

accusative

Answer 42

Free