Terms/definitions Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Ipsilateral blindness
A
Total blindness in one eye
2
Q
Bitemporal hemianopia
A
Aka bipolar hemianopia. A lesion or transection of the optic chiasm, causing tunnel vission. Affects temporal fields of both eyes. Often caused by enlarged pituitary gland.
3
Q
CN I
A
Sensory n. which conveys impulses related to smell
4
Q
Anosmia
A
Loss of smell, often from common cold or corona virus. Can be bilateral or unilateral (affcting both or only one olfactiry nerve)
5
Q
Papilledema
A
Bulging optic disk(papilla) from icreased intercranial pressure.
6
Q
Recti m. Of eye
A
Lateral, medial, superior, inferior
7
Q
Oblique m. of eye
A
Superior, inferior
8
Q
Occulomotor n.
A
Innervates recti and oblique m of eye.
Innervates palpebrae superioris m(eyelid muscle)
Constricts pupil Sphincter pupille m.
Changes shape to the lens Cillliary m.(makes lens rounder for “near” vision) found behind iris.
9
Q
Third Nerve Palsy
A
•Ptosis - eyelid droops •divergent squint •dilation of pupil • Loss of accomodation reflex • Loss of light reflexes • Diplopia -eye ball looking abbit down and outwards -would not be able to read anything close
10
Q
Trochlear Nerve
A
CN IV -superior oblique muscle -SO4 -Intorsion(medially) •Depression(inferiorly) •Abduction
11
Q
Injury to CN IV
A
Head injuries common cause
- small calibre
- long intracranial course• paralysis of superior obloque
- Diplopia
12
Q
Trigeminal n (tic douloureaux)
A
CN V Sensory to face 3 Brr. Senory inky -Opthamalic br. (CN V1) -Maxillary br. Sensory and motor -Mandibular br. Carries somatic neurons and innervate m. If mastication (masseter&temporalis)
13
Q
CN V injury
A
- usually section of whole CN V
- lesions
- carries pain from dental cavities from maxillary or mandibular branches
14
Q
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A
- CN V
- periodic stabbing pain
- painful
- unpredictable intervals
- pharmacological or surgery is often
15
Q
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
A
- dentists
- mandivular teeth
- lingula
16
Q
CN VI
A
Abducens n.
- Lateral rectus m.
- Abducts eye
17
Q
Abducen n. Palsy
A
- Medial strabismus (“cross eye”)
- Diplopia (double vision)
18
Q
CN VII- Facial n.
A
- Motor root
- Parasynlmpathetic root
- Sensory Root
19
Q
Motor root if Facial n.
A
Mm. Of facial expression
Five branches
Parotid gland
20
Q
Parasympathetic root of Facial n.
A
Secretormotor supply
Submandibular gland
Sublingual glands - saliva
Lacrimal glands - tears
21
Q
Sensory root of Facial n.
A
“Nervus intermedius”
- Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
- Cutaneous sensations from pinna and external auditory meatus
22
Q
CN VII Facial Paralysis
A
-Facial mm. Paralysis
-Loss of taste sensation
-Decreased salivation
-Decreased lacrimation
-Hyperacusis: increased sensativity to certain frequencies and volume within a range of sound. Innervates stapedius mm. which dampens everyday sounds
“Bells palsy”- unknown facial paralysis
Geberal facial paralyses diagnised due to known cause of paralysis
23
Q
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear n.
A
Two separate nn. Inner ear
Two branches
Cochlear n.
Vestobular n.
24
Q
Cochlear n.
A
- Depolarize in response to sound waves
- Hearing
25
Vestibular n.
- depolarize in response to body position
| - balance and equilibrium
26
CN VIII Lesions
Cochlear n leasions
- Tinnitus "jingling"
- Deafness
- Acoustic neuromas - intracranial tumours(on the cochlear n.)
Vestibular n lesions
- vertigo "dizzyness; to turn"
- disequalibrium
- Nystagmus
27
CN IX Glossopharangeal n.
Motor
Parasympathetic
Sensory
Gustatory
28
CN IX Motor funct.
Stylopharangeus m.
| Superior pharangeal constrictor m.
29
CN IX Parasympathetic funct.
Parotid Gland
30
CN IX Sensory funct.
Pharangotympanic tubes
Palatine tonsils
Oropharynx
Posterior 1/3 tongue
31
CN IX Gustatiry funct.
Taste sensation- posterior 1/3 tongue
32
CN X Vagus n.
Sensory neurons
Somatic motor neurons
Visceral motor neurons
33
Vagus n. Sensory neurons
Inferior pharynx
Larynx
Thoracic organs
Visceral organs
34
Somatic motor neurons CN X
Soft pallette
Pharaybx
Intrinsic larybgeal mm
35
Visceral motor neuionrs CN X
```
Heart
esohpgus
Stomach
Snall intestine
Large intestine
Gallbladder
```
36
CN XI Accesory n.
Cranial component
- accompanies CN X
- Mm of larynx
Spinal component
- sternocleidomastoid m
- trapezius
37
CN XII Hypoglossal n.
- Mm. of tongue, intrinsic and extrinsic
| - Dysarthia, difficulty with articulating words
38
Peripheral n. And ganglia
```
Mixed nn.
Sensory nn.
Spinal nn. (In the grey matter)
-Anterior root
-Posterior root
-Dorsal root ganglion
Rami communications
```
39
Ganglia
Collection of nerve cell bodies, carry on sensory information
40
Spinal nn & Plexuses
31 pairs if spinal nerves, 8 pairs of cervical nerves
- 12 throacic
- 8 cervical
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- CO
41
Cerivical Plexus
- C1-C4 ventral rami
| - Phrenic n. Moves diaphragm. Carries sensory neurons
42
Brachial Plexus
- C5-8 & T1
- Roots
- Trunks
- Divisions
- Cords
- Terminal n.
43
Terminal nerves of Brachial plexus
```
Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar
Radial
Axillary
```
44
Musculocutaneous n.
Lateral cord
- coracobrachialis
- biceps brachii m.
- brachialis m.
45
Median n.
```
Motor:
-Most flexor mm. Of forearm and dugits
-Some mm. Of hand
Sensory:
-Anterior thumb, anterior 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits
-Palm of hand
```
46
Ulnar n.
```
Large teriminal branch of medial cord
Medial epicondyle/olecranon
Motor:
1.5 flexor mm. Of the forearm
Most intrinsic hand mm.
Sensory:
5th digit
4th (medial half) of digits
```
47
Radial n
```
Largest terminal branch
Motor:
Truceps brachuu
Brachiradialis
Extensor mm of the forearm and digits
Senairy:
Posterior arm
Posterior forearm
Posterior thumb
```
48
Axillary n
- Surgical neck of humerus
- Teres minor m.
- Deltoid m.
49
Upper brachial plexus injury
Upper trunk c5-c6
Mechanism of action
-shoulder forced downward, head is sinultaneously
-stabilized or oushed in opposite direction
Erbs palsy
-waiters tip deformation
-medial rotation at shoulder
-due toloss of the lateral rotatora of the shoulder arm flexors abd hand extensor muscles
Position of limb characterized by:
-arm hanging by side, rotated medially, forearm extended and pronated, wrist flexed
50
Lower brachial plexus injury
```
Lower trunk T1
Mechanism of action:
Excessive stretching of limb from.upper trunk
Baby delivert by arn pulling
Catcjing fall by hanging onto tree
Klumpkes palsy
"Claw hand palsy"
```
51
Saturday night paralysis
Radial n.
Wrist drop
Deep snooze/pasa out with arm over chair. Nerve compressed while passed out, can cause paralyses of extensors from radial nerve
52
Lpng throacis b (winged scapula)
Contributions from c5,6,7
Serratus anterior m.
Mechanism of injury
53
Thoracic spinal nn.
Do not form plexuses (except T1)
- Each posterior ramus innervates deep back muscles
- Each anterior ramus travels between two ribs as an intercostal nerve
54
Lumbar Plexus
L1,2,3 and superior part L4
- Femoral n.
- Obturator n.
55
Femoral n
- Supplies the psoas abd iliacus mm
| - Anterior thigh mm.
56
Obturator n
Medial compartment
Obturator foramen
Adductor mm.
Supplies skin in medial aspect of thigh
57
Sacral Plexus
-Sciatic n
-Pudendal n
-Superior gluteal n
-Inferior gluteal n
L4, L5
Internal aspect of pelvis
58
Sciatic Nerve
Largest n of body
Exits pelvis through greater sciatic foramen
Enters gluteal region just below piriformis muscle
Traverses enture lengthbof posterior thigh, divides just posterior to knee
2 divisions:
-fibular(peroneal)
-tibular-iinervate m of posterior compartment
59
Pudendal n
From pelvis, enters posterios aspect of gkuteal region
| Branches to scrotum, musclesof pelvic floor and perineum, slin surrounding perineum
60
Superior&interior gluteal n
Above piriformis, gluteus medius, below oiriformis gluteal maximus m.
61
Tibial n
```
Sciatic extension
Enters posterior aspect of leg
Common "peroneal"
Gastrnemeous m and soleus m innervated
Supplis superficial and deep muscles of posterior leg
```
62
Common perpneal
```
"Common" (will branch into substructures)
-Superficial peroneal.
-Deep peroneal n-muscles of
Aka "Fibular nerve"
Eversion of the foot -superficial
```
63
Foot drop
Common peroneal n
Neck of fibula
Compression
Traction
64
Sensory transduction
Rapidly adapting receptors
-Respond with high intensity to stimulus, -depolarize and respond to stimulus
-Ignore ongoing stimuli
Slowly adapting
-Respond to stimuli with constant action potentials
-Don't diminish over time
65
Exteroreceptors
Detect stimuli priginating from outside body
66
Interoreceptors
Detect stimuli from within the body
67
Mechanoreceptora
Interoreceptors assoociated with msk, skin, other organs
| ****Depolarize to anything mechanically deforming tissues
68
Mechanoreceptor (4)types
Merkel cells
| Tactile corpuscule
69
Thermoreceptors
Exteroreceptors
Slowly adapting
Separate receptors detect hot and cold
70
Chemoreceptors
- Interoceptora or exteroceptors
| - Depolarize in response to binding to specific chemicals
71
Photoreceptors
In eye
| Depolarize in response to light
72
Nociceptors
Slowly adapting exteroceptors
| Depolarize in response to noxious stimuli
73
AP transmission
```
Speed- axon diameter and thickness of myelin sheath
Large diameter fastest
-Proprioceptive
-Touch
Small diameter slowest
-Pain
-Temp
```
74
Receptive Field
Area of skin that has sensory neurons associated with it, a few or many in a specific area ie:fingertips abundant; forearm has fewer(two point touch)
All spinal nerves carry sensory neurons
75
Dermatomes
Skin mapped according to spinal nerve supplying somatic sensation
May help identify source of referred pain
76
Upper motor neurons
Neurons of primary motor cortes make decision to move and initiate that movement
Not in contact with muscle fibre
77
Lower motor neurons
Receive nessages from upper motor beurons
In cintact with skeletal fibres
Release acetylcholine onto muscle fibres to initiate contraction
78
Mtor neuron pools
Groups of lower kotor neurons that innervate same muscle
79
Large motorr neurons
Stimulate skeletal m to contract
80
Smaller motor neurons (gamma)
Innervate intrafusal fibres, part of specialized stretch receptors
81
Contril of movement by nervous system
- CNS (IMN) in motor cortex, synapse in basal nuclei enable thalamus to stimulate upper neurons in primart motor cortex
- Synapse with UMN into spinal cord to synapse with the lower motor neuron
- lower neuron cell bodies found along spinal cord within anterior horn
- lmn directly stimulate skeletal muscle fibres
82
Autonomic nervous system
-Sympathetic
Fight or flight
-Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
83
Visceral Reflex Arc
ANS responsible for managing vital processes through VRA.
1sensory signals from periphery/viscera
2. Integrated by cns
3. Motor impulses vua efferent neurons in cranila and spinal berves to ganglia
4. Autonomuic ganglia send impulses to other efferent beurons to target organ eliciting a motor response
84
Somatic
2 neurons
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary
Single neuron system
85
Autonomic
```
2 neurons
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
-involuntary actions
-2 neurons system- pre-ganglionic/pre-ganglionic, post-synaptic/ganglionic neuron.
```
86
Thoraco-lumbar nervous system(division)
Sympathetic nervous system
87
Sympathetic Ganglion(chain)
Looks like a string of pearls, contains cell bodies of post synpatic sympathetic neurons
88
CN of parasympathetic Nervus system
CN 3, 7, 9, 10
89
Scaral nerves of parasynpathetic neurons
3, 4, 5
90
Cranio-sacral nervous system
Parasympathetic Nervous System
91
Preganglionic neuron cell body locations SNS
Located in the lateral horns of thoracolumbar regions of spinal cord
92
Acetylcholine
Excitatory Neurotransmitter at the postganglionic synapse
93
Epinephrine
Adrenaline, postsynaptic
94
Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline, post synaptic
| Most frequently used NT (80% of the synapse)
95
Androgenic receptors
Bind to epinephrine and norepinephrine, further broken down into alpha and theta.
96
Alpha 1 receptirs
Plasma membrane of smooth mm. Cells of many different organs(blood vessels in skin GI organs, arector pili, genitourinary tract
-pupil dilation, vasiconstriction, digestions
NE(NT)
97
Alpha 2 receptors
Plasma membrane of preganglionic sypathetic neurons instead if peripherals target cells
-inhibits preganglionic sympathetic neurons
NE(NT)
98
Beta 1
Cardiac mm cells and kidney cells
99
Beta 2
Smooth mm cells lining airways of respiatory tract, walls of urinary bladder, skeletal mm fibres, liver, oancreas salivary glands
-decrease digestion increase glucose release
NE nt
100
Beta 3
Primarily in adipose cells and smooth mm cells of digestive tract
Relaxation of digestive tract and contraction of sphincters
101
Muscarinic receptors
Binds muscarine, increase secretions of sweat glands
| ACh
102
Nicotinic receptors
Membranes of all postgangkionic neuorns insympathetic ganglion
Fkund wuthin adrenal.medulla of adrenal.gland.
Binds nicotine, stimulates release of NE and E
ACh
103
Bunding of NT on target cells of SNS
Cardiac m.
Ion channels ipen on cardiac m. Raises both rate and forcevod contraction
Amount of blood increase, homeostasis during activity
Smooth m
Construction of blood vessels
Dialation of bronchioles
Dilation of skeletal andbcardiqc blood vessels
Contraction ofnurinary an digestive sphincters
Relaxation of smooth m of digestive tract
Cinstriction of blood vessels supplying exocrine glands
Dilation of pupils
104
PNS NT and receptors
ACh
MUscarinic receptors
Nicotinic receltors
