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Psychology 203 > Terms & Definitions > Flashcards

Terms & Definitions Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

spending an inordinate amount of time on the Internet and an inability to control online use

A

Internet addiction

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2
Q

adapting to a new culture

A

acculturation

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3
Q

threatening, short, clear endpoint

A

acute stressors

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4
Q

psychological processes for managing and coping with demands and challenges of everyday life

A

adjustment

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5
Q

predicting emotional reactions to future events

A

affective forecasting

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6
Q

behaviour intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally

A

aggression

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7
Q

chronic environmental conditions, though not urgent, cause adaptive demands on people

A

ambient stress

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8
Q

events typically preceding a target response

A

antecedents

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9
Q

future events with perceived threat

A

anticipatory stressors

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10
Q

choose between two attractive goals

A

approach-approach (conflict)

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11
Q

choice provides both attractive and unattractive aspects

A

approach-avoidance (conflict)

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12
Q

nerves connecting the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

choose between two unattractive goals

A

avoidance-avoidance (conflict)

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14
Q

tendency to enhance one’s image by publicly announcing one’s association with those who are successful

A

basking in reflected glory

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15
Q

overt response or activity of an organism

A

behaviour

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16
Q

systematic approach to changing behaviour through application of conditioning

A

behaviour modification

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17
Q

written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to contingencies of a behaviour modification program

A

behavioural contract

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18
Q

generating as many ideas as possible while withholding criticism and evaluation

A

brainstorming

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19
Q

syndrome involving physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, lowered sense of self-efficacy, caused by work-related stress

A

burnout

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20
Q

in-depth investigation of an individual

A

case study

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21
Q

unrealistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems

A

catastrophic thinking

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22
Q

release of emotional tension

A

catharsis

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23
Q

threatening, long duration, no apparent endpoint

A

chronic stressors

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24
Q

putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups to which one belongs

A

collectivism

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25
efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful
constructive coping
26
active efforts to master, reduce, tolerate stress demands
coping
27
numerical index indicating degree of relationship between two variables
correlation coefficient
28
largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
defence mechanisms
29
diversion to a substitute target, often a less threatening recipient
displacement
30
defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious
downward social comparison
31
ability to perceive and express emotion, use emotions to facilitate thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion
emotional intelligence
32
powerful, mostly uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes
emotions
33
gaining knowledge through observation
empiricism
34
glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
endocrine system
35
tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events
explanatory style
36
ascribe the causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental constraints
external attributions
37
physiological response to threat: attacking or fleeing
fight-or-flight response
38
counteracting the natural tendencies to seek vengeance or avoid an offender, thereby releasing this person from further liablity for his or her transgression
forgiveness
39
pursuit of some goal is thwarted
frustration
40
model of stress response: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome
41
marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is associated with strong stress resistance
hardiness
42
baseline shifts
hedonic adaptation
43
baseline shifting upward, improvements yield no benefit
hedonic treadmill
44
usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them
impression management
45
putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships
individualism
46
behaving in ways to make oneself likeable to others
ingratiation
47
ascribe causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, feelings
internal attributions
48
two or more incompatible motivations or impulses compete for expression
internal conflict
49
high complexity tasks require lower level of arousal
inverted-U hypothesis
50
passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
learned helplessness
51
alteration of living circumstances requiring adjustment
life changes
52
mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a non-analytical way
meditation
53
observing without intervening
naturalistic observation
54
tendency to expect good outcomes
optimism
55
one's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future
possible selves
56
enduring psychological disturbance attributed to a major traumatic event
posttraumatic stress disorder
57
expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way; perform, conform
pressure
58
initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you (2) relevant but not threatening (3) stressful
primary appraisal (stress)
59
tendency to delay tackling tasks until the last minute
procrastination
60
science of behaviour, and underlying physiological and mental processes; profession that applies this practically
psychology
61
genuine physical ailments caused in part by stress and other psychological factors
psychosomatic diseases
62
image presented to others in social interactions
public self
63
focuses on altering patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behaviour
rational-emotive behaviour therapy
64
set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons
reference group
65
evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with stress
secondary appraisal (stress)
66
inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour
self-attributions
67
collection of beliefs about one's own basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour
self-concept
68
seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person's self-interest
self-defeating behaviour
69
mismatch between the self-perceptions that make up the actual self, ideal self, and ought self
self-discrepancy
70
one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes
self-efficacy
71
tendency to seek positive (and reject negative) information about oneself
self-enhancement
72
one's overall assessment of one's worth as a person
self-esteem
73
tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure
self-handicapping
74
degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others
self-monitoring
75
process of directing and controlling one's behaviour to achieve desired goals
self-regulation
76
tendency to attribute one's success to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors
self-serving bias
77
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response
shaping
78
individuals compare themselves with others in order to assess their abilities and opinions
social comparison theory
79
aid and succour provided by members of your social network
social support
80
threat or perceived threat to one's well-being, taxing one's coping abilities
stress
81
personal assessment of overall happiness or life satisfaction
subjective well-being
82
structured questionnaires soliciting information about behaviour, attitudes, beliefs
surveys
83
system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are later exchanged for genuine reinforcers
token economy

Psychology 203 (6 decks)

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