Terms From Reading

Question 1

What is Translational Research?

Answer 1

Bridges basic research and clinical research and clinical research by applying scientific discoveries to the improvement of clinical outcomes

Question 2

What is research?

Answer 2

The process of systematically and carefully investigating a topic in order to discover new insights about the world.

Question 3

What is Exposure?

Answer 3

Personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition.

Question 4

What is Risk Factor?

Answer 4

Exposure that increases an individual’s likelihood of experiencing a particular disease or outcome.

Question 5

What is Protective Factor?

Answer 5

An exposure that reduces an individual’s likelihood of experiencing a disease or outcome

Question 6

What is Nonmodifiable Risk Factor?

Answer 6

Risk factor for a disease that cannot be changed through health interventions (age)

Question 7

What is Modifiable Risk Factor?

Answer 7

Risk factor for a disease that can be avoided or mitigated

Question 8

What is Primary Prevention?

Answer 8

Health behaviors and other protective actions that help keep an adverse health event fro occurring in people who do not already have the condition (exercise, nutritional diet)

Question 9

What is Secondary Prevention?

Answer 9

Detection of health problems in asymptomatic individuals at an early age (cancer screening)

Question 10

What is Tertiary Prevention?

Answer 10

Interventions that reduce impairment, minimize pain, and suffering, and prevent death in people with symptomatic health problems (Surgery, Rehab)

Question 11

What is Disease?

Answer 11

Presence of signs or symptoms of poor health

Question 12

What is Disorder?

Answer 12

Functional impairment that may or may not be characterized by measurable structural and psychological changes

Question 13

What is Mortality?

Answer 13

Deaths

Question 14

What is Morbidity?

Answer 14

Non fatal illnesses

Question 15

What is Testability?

Answer 15

The ability of a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurements

Question 16

What is Vital Statistics?

Answer 16

Population level measurements

Question 17

What is Abstract?

Answer 17

1 page summary of an article

Question 18

What is Internal Validity?

Answer 18

The evidence that a study measured what is intended to measure

Question 19

What is External Validity?

Answer 19

Generalizability

Question 20

What is Annotated Bibliography?

Answer 20

List of related publications that includes at minimum, a full reference for each document being reviewed

Question 21

What is Originality?

Answer 21

Aspects of a new research project that are novel (new)

Question 22

What is Replicability?

Answer 22

A study implemented in a new study population would yield same results

Question 23

What is the Nuremberg Code?

Answer 23

In 1947, a mandated voluntary consent for experimental studies using human subject

Question 24

What is Declaration of Helsinki?

Answer 24

Provides ethical guidelines for physicians conducting clinical trials

Question 25

What is the Belmont Report?

Answer 25

Defined the key principles of beneficence, respect for persons and distributive justice

Question 26

What is Respect for Persons?

Answer 26

Emphasizes autonomy, voluntary ness and protection of vulnerable adults

Question 27

What is Beneficence?

Answer 27

Maximum possible benefits and minimize possible harms

Question 28

What is Nonmaleficence?

Answer 28

Do no harm

Question 29

What is Distributive Justice?

Answer 29

The benefits and burdens of research should be fairly allocated

Question 30

What is Informed Consent?

Answer 30

A PROCESS, not a dementia - an individual’s voluntary decision to participate in a research study after reviewing essential information on the study

Question 31

What is Waiver of Consent?

Answer 31

Gives the researcher’s permission not to provide an informed consent (low-risk studies)

Question 32

What is Privacy?

Answer 32

The assurance that individuals get to choose what information they reveal about themselves

Question 33

What is Confidentiality?

Answer 33

Protection of personal information provided to researchers

Question 34

What is Certificate of Confidentiality?

Answer 34

A legal document that protects the identity of participants in a study of sensitive topics from being subject to court orders and other legal demands of information

Question 35

What is Assent?

Answer 35

Expressed willingness to participate in a study by a child or another person who is deemed not legally competent to provide their own consent

Question 36

What is Expedited Review?

Answer 36

Determination by an IRB that a proposal requires review but not a review by a full Comintern. - Happens when a minor change to the study has happened - Exemptions from this review is NOT allowed for research on VULNERABLE POPULATIONS

Question 37

What is Text- Recycling?

Answer 37

“Self Plagiarism” which occurs when one’s own words from one publications are copied into a new manuscript

Question 38

What is the Common Rule?

Answer 38

Foundational document for the US | Belmont Report