Terms (Lecture 5 - 16) Flashcards

Question

Lumber

Answer 1

* Timber sawed or split into planks, boards, etc. * Milled boards * Sawn wood of smaller dimensions

Answer 2

Medium Density Fiberboard (non-structural panel) * Composition: fiber. * Industrial process: fiber + glue + press + planing. * Uses: furniture, cabinets, moldings, speaker boxes, frames, etc. * Key feature: homogeneity & density. * Advantages: homogeneous, smooth and dense. * Disadvantages: more expensive than particleboard; doesn’t look like wood.

Answer 3

Machine stress rated lumber * Composition: solid wood. * Industrial process: use of non-destructive measurement of stiffness to predict strength. * Uses: key structural end uses (e.g. roofs). * Key feature: verified strength! * Advantages: predictable strength! * Disadvantages: more expensive.

Answer 4

Oriented strand lumber (Two types: Parallam and TimberStrand.) * Composition: long strands of wood; - Parallam: 2.3 m × 1 cm of softwood veneer strips. - TimberStrand: 30 cm × 2 cm of hardwood strands. * Industrial process: veneer clipping + glue coating + press + microwave heating (Parallam) / steam pressing (TimberStrand). * Uses: - Parallam: high-end beams, columns - TimberStand: window frames, door stock, furniture, wall studs * Key feature: very natural-looking; large sizes! * Advantages: large dimensions (Parallam larger); natural looking, dimensional stability, versatile structural and appearance uses. * Disadvantages: TimberStrand not as strong as Parallam.

Answer 5

A type of oriented strand lumber (OSL) - Stronger than TimberStrand - softwood veneer strands - usually for high-end beams and columns

Answer 6

Non-structural panel. * Composition: planer shavings + small chips + sawdust (optional veneer or laminates). * Industrial process: elements glued + press + planing. * Uses: lower-end furniture. * Key feature: low cost. * Advantages: low cost; can use residues; good appearance if covered with veneer. * Disadvantages: compared to MDF, it is less dense, water resistant, smooth, durable and strong. Rough edges.

Answer 7

A type of oriented strand lumber (OSL) - Weaker than Parallam - hardwood strands - usually for window frames, furniture, etc.

Answer 8

a wood element used for particle boards

Answer 9

the outcome of turning wood into fibers for pulp there is mechanical (cellulose) and chemical pulp (cellulose + ligin)

Answer 10

a wood element - very fine pieces of wood (like sand but wood not rocks) can be used in particle boards

Answer 11

- boards - dimension lumber - timber - MSR lumber

Answer 12

used for oriented strand boards (OSB) ^ strands (≈ 25 ×100 × 1 mm) from low density hardwoods (e.g. aspen, poplar).

Answer 13

Growing trees or their wood (Merriam-Webster).

Answer 14

A large squared piece of wood ready for use or forming part of a structure (North America) (Merriam-Webster).

Answer 15

wood used for exteriors, treated with chemicals. * Composition: wood + chemical agents. * Industrial process: sawing + pressure treatment. * Uses: exteriors; poles, railway ties, decks, etc. * Key feature: high durability in exteriors. * Advantages: durability in exteriors. * Disadvantages: higher cost; may be toxic.

Answer 16

thin slices of wood and sometimes bark, usually thinner than 3 mm, that typically are glued onto core panels to produce flat panels such as doors, tops and panels for cabinets, parquet floors and parts of furniture.

Answer 17

wood pieces or components obtained from logs or byproducts of wood processing that can be used alone or in combination with others to create mixed products (obviously with the help of glue)

Answer 18

Because it excludes smaller, non-industrial products that can be made of wood fiber the deBeer & McDermott definition is better

Answer 19

Northern California

Answer 20

1. harvesting planks from ALIVE trees (without cutting) 2. berry patches being inherited and maintained by house groups of the Gitksan & Wet'suwet'un Nations

Answer 21

Indigenous "maps" and forest management systems and resources for NTFP's were made invisible by British colonists that just wanted timber

Answer 22

1970s and 80s

Answer 23

1. Intangible (identity) 2. Tangible (able to consume)

Answer 24

Article 11.1 & Article 26.1

Answer 25

1. habitat loss 2. contamination & site degradation 3. extended recovery times

Answer 26

the science of acquiring information about an object without physically coming into contact with it *Measurements can be taken as close as 10 cm or as far as thousands of kilometers *UBC is a LEADER in remote sensing

Answer 27

1. Aerial photography (hot air balloon was the 1st) 2. Taking a picture of an individual tree in the ground to analyze the shape of its stem 3. Landsat 4. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

Answer 28

1. Aircraft 2. Satellite (for broader scale issues like land clearing, forest health and forest classification) 3. UAV’s (aka. DRONES - more common than ever before)

Answer 29

Landsat (Series of 8 satellites comprised of 4 different sensors - 16 day return period)

Answer 30

1. It is an active REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY based on LASER PULSES. 2. It provides a 3D point cloud representing surface elements 3. It is increasingly being used for commercial applications in forestry. 4. uses its own energy source ****produces direct terrain elevation data distributed across the landscape – forested or clear

Answer 31

Factor causing the disturbance (ex. fire or defoliators)

Answer 32

Magnitude of the disturbance agent. (ex. 80% mortality or 35% mortality)

Answer 33

Impact on the environment. (ex. Stand initiation or Species succession)

Answer 34

Origin of the agent. (ex. Lightning or Native, triggered by…)

Answer 35

"conversion of forests to other land use or the permanent reduction of tree canopy cover below the minimum (10%).” (FAO, 2020) *a disturbance mostly by humans

Answer 36

“spatial and temporal characterization of disturbances affecting a defined forest through time.” basically the frequency, size and severity of disturbance and how it varies with disturbance agent and with ecosystem *a disturbance mainly from mother nature

Answer 37

“reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods and services.” *mostly a human disturbance

Answer 38

“damage caused by any factor (abiotic or biotic) that adversely affects the vigor and productivity of the forest and which is not a direct result of human activities.”

Answer 39

Lightning --> the cause for 74% of areas burned by fire

Answer 40

1. insects 2. fire 3. logging 4. deforestation

Answer 41

1. Fire 2. Wind (stand initiation and single trees) 3. Pathogens & insects 4. Landslides **avalanches and floods also occur

Answer 42

Degregation --> 1. Invasive species 2. Bad logging Deforestation --> 3. Urbanization 4. Agriculture converson

Answer 43

Biotic: 1. Insects 2. Tree Fall Abiotic: 3. Fire (superficial, canopy) 4. Water (flooding or drought)

Answer 44

Gap dynamic regeneration (TREE FALL)

Answer 45

- culturally rich land that has been home to First Nations people for thousands of years - there are endangered species - home to Tatania --> a huge yellow cedar - LAST UNTOUCHED WATERSHED IN BC

Answer 46

1. Stand Initiation 2. Stem Exclusion Phase 3. Understory re-initiation phase 4. Old growth

Answer 47

- Regeneration after disturbance by pioneer species. * Lots of light and growing space. * Rapid growth. * High plant diversity but usually dominated by one or two pioneer species

Answer 48

- Canopy closure occurs. * High competition for light. * High mortality. * Understory heavily shaded (therefore, only tolerant species survive and low plant diversity)

Answer 49

- Gaps in canopy occur due to death of large trees. * More light availability. * More trees can regenerate. * Plant diversity increases.

Answer 50

- Large trees and dead wood * Complex structure and multi-layered canopy * High biodiversity

Answer 51

dynamics driven by stand-replacing disturbances, leading to a new even-aged stand (more than 1 ha) *large circle forest disturbance associated = FIRE

Answer 52

dynamics driven by partial disturbances with mortality of tree age cohorts (groups of trees of similar age) dispersed within the stands *very tiny little dots forest disturbance associated = INSECTS

Answer 53

dynamics driven by tree mortality at intermediate scales (more than 200 m2, less than 1 ha). *medium oddly shaped circles forest disturbance associated = LANDSLIDES

Answer 54

dynamics driven by tree mortality of single or a small group of trees (less than 200 m2). *small dots forest disturbance associated = TREE FALLING

Answer 55

Structure, composition

Answer 56

* Pioneer species tend to rapidly colonize the land after a disturbance. * The seed of some pioneer tree species needs fire to be released from the cones. * The seed of some pioneer species need to be in contact with mineral soil in order to be viable. * Disturbances can be of any scale and recovery rates; the larger and more severe, the higher chances it becomes a stand-initiating disturbance.

Answer 57

- Pioneer species tend to be more aggressive and abundant in early succession stages but may be overtaken by tolerant species over time. * Pioneer species tend to have a faster growth rate but a shorter life span. * It is not that tolerant species dislike light, but they are typically outcompeted for it by pioneer species and increase their growth rate when gaps open up.

Answer 58

Douglas fir and Western Hemlock

Answer 59

- ponderosa pine, Douglas fir and grand fir compete for water and have different drought tolerances. * Species thriving in dry areas may do so because they have less competition for water, not necessarily because they would not appreciate a bit more of it!

Answer 60

one that's typically the first to colonize a barren ecosystem. (ones to grow faster first but not last as long as the tolerant species) Birches and willows are pioneer - the first ones to overtake and colonize after a disturbance

Answer 61

Tree species that compete well under full shade Hemlock spieces are tolerant

Answer 62

site productivity

Answer 63

average height of dominant and co-dominant trees of a specific species on a given site, at a base age. It is used as an indicator of site productivity

Answer 64

because unlike diameter or volume growth, height is relatively stable over a large range of managed stand densities.

Answer 65

Forest ecosystems are resilient and can recover after a disturbance. Disturbances are not bad: * They allow forest regeneration. * They allow the persistence of pioneer species (else outcompeted) * They create favorable conditions for different species over time.

Answer 66

“total amount of some attribute present in a tree or stand at some point in time”

Answer 67

average growth accumulated on a given year (i.e. yield divided by age).

Answer 68

growth that occurred for one year (i.e. mean slope of the yield curve on that year).

Answer 69

largest yield that can be harvested continuously. (what your trying to get when looking at the increment graphs ---> when to harvest to get the best possible MSY)

Answer 70

“a contiguous community of trees sufficiently uniform in composition, structure, age, size, class, distribution, spatial arrangement, site quality, condition, or location to distinguish it from adjacent communities.”

Answer 71

“changes in stand structure, species composition, and species interactions with disturbance and environment over a range of spatial and temporal scales.”

Answer 72

changes in species composition, vegetation structure and environment over time.

Answer 73

vegetation species able to grow under shaded conditions, generally colonizing an area slowly after a disturbance.

Answer 74

vegetation species that colonizes an area immediately after a disturbance (usually intolerant to shade).

Answer 75

vegetation that exists at the ‘end’ of succession - aka like all the stand initiation stages (implies complexity and stability).

Answer 76

“hierarchal classification system that uses climax vegetation communities to infer the combined ecological effects of climate and soil” ** a method to classify and manage sites on an ecosystem-specific basis.

Answer 77

the ecosystem is defined as the interactions between climate and soil that determine the vegetation potential on a site. reflect climax forest composition, that is, dominant species at the end of natural succession.

Answer 78

environmental constraints (species ecological niche) & outcome of competition between species (dominant species).

Answer 79

“stewardship and use of forest and forest lands in a way and at a rate that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill —now and in the future— relevant ecological, economic and social functions at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems” (FAO)

Answer 80

“the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, and quality of forest vegetation for the full range of forest resource objectives.”

Answer 81

“a complete regime for regenerating, tending and harvesting forests.”

Answer 82

“subset of silviculture that includes a variety of forest treatments, including pre-commercial THINNING, FERTILIZING, PRUNING and COMMERCIAL THINNING, which are carried out to maintain a HEALTHY FOREST and to increase the QUALITY and QUANTITY of timber produced”

Answer 83

a specific operation applied to a stand as part of its silvicultural system. (ex. pruning, thinning, establishment)

Answer 84

even = stand in which trees are approximately the same age. uneven = stand with a diverse range of tree ages

Answer 85

physical description of a stand, including age, size, and horizontal and vertical spatial arrangement of trees.

Answer 86

- To best resemble natural forest dynamics processes while getting the timber for ourselves. * To obtain specific timber forest products. * To maximize forest growth and health. * To balance economic, social and environmental factors to the best of our abilities.

Answer 87

Clearcutting Seed tree Patch cutting Shelterwood Coppice

Answer 88

Selection Protection

Answer 89

the entire canopy is removed in one operation (more than 1 ha) Advantages: - Easier and lowest cost. * Produces uniform crop for even-aged management. * Faster growth of regeneration Disadvantages: - Low visual quality and negative perception. * May not be suitable for some wildlife. * May expose the site to erosion.

Answer 90

like a clearcut but leaving trees for some time to supply SEED Advantages: - Lower establishment cost due to natural regeneration. * Best trees can be chosen as seed trees, leading to good genetics. * Aesthetically and ecologically better Disadvantages: - Seed trees can fall due to wind. * Higher skill required than for clearcutting. * Difficult to protect regeneration when seed trees are removed.

Answer 91

stand is harvested in series of cuttings, where uncut trees serve as shelter for new regeneration. Advantages: - Protects regeneration. * Some protection from soil erosion. * Aesthetically and ecologically better. Disadvantages: - Requires more skill. * More expensive. * Shelterwood trees may be source of diseases.

Answer 92

removal of trees in patches (less than 1 ha). Advantages: - Less visual and ecological impact. * Easy to apply and manage. * Provides some protection for regeneration. Disadvantages: - More expensive than clearcutting. * Diseases can spread from adjacent forests. * Can create too many management units.

Answer 93

clearcutting and subsequent vegetative regeneration for some hardwoods. (cutting trees but leaving STUMPS) Advantages: - Simple. * Even regeneration. * Fast growth rates. Disadvantages: - Only small logs for timber can be obtained. * Not very aesthetic. * Cannot be performed forever.

Answer 94

single scattered or small groups of trees are harvested in short intervals indefinitely. Advantages: - Minimum visual and ecological impact. * Good for areas where growth is too slow to justify planting. * High flexibility. Disadvantages: - Low volume productivity in m3/ha. * High skills and knowledge required (cost). * Harvesting must be done very carefully! * Tends to favor tolerant species.

Answer 95

the process of leaving single trees or groups of trees *for the purpose of maintaining structural diversity for at least one rotation by leaving more than half the total area of the cutblock within one tree height from the base of a tree or group of trees, whether or not the tree or group of trees is inside the cutblock *retention in BC is a silvicultural system on its own, not to be confused with clearcut or reserves.

Answer 96

individual trees or groups of trees retained during harvest, or other forest management operations, to provide non-timber values such as wildlife habitat, aesthetics, and biodiversity

Answer 97

harvesting approach in which [some] trees are retained to meet ecological objectives such as maintaining structural heterogeneity and protecting biological legacies

Answer 98

timber is not extracted; the forest may be managed for other objectives. (NOT listed as an official silvicultural system but added here as the OPPOSITE EXTREME OF CLEARCUTTING). Sometimes known as reserve (not to be confused with reserves!). Advantage: - close to no zero visual and ecological impact. Disadvantage: - does not provide timber

Answer 99

to make sure terrain is adequate for new stand and facilitate regeneration growth in early stages. Activities: * Slash removal or layout. * Prescribed burning. * Slash chopping. * Mineral soil preparation (sort of plowing under certain conditions). Considerations * Burning looks bad but may be very beneficial! * Slash piles must be arranged considering future plantation density and spacing. * Extreme care must be put to protect soil.

Answer 100

silvicultural treatment to: - Establish new trees. - MINIMIZING INITIAL MORTALITY - Maximize growth in early stages. Activities: * Tree planting and / or regeneration management. * Weed control until trees can survive alone. * Fertilization. * Protection against pests / animals. Considerations: * Tree species selection is critical. * Artificial vs. natural regeneration? * Make sure genetics are right! * Optimum stocking density and spacing for desired outcome.

Answer 101

silvicultural treatment to: - Eliminate some trees to alleviate competition. - Promote growth of remaining trees. - Obtain revenue if thinning is commercial. - May reduce fire risk. Activities: * Careful selection of trees to be removed. * Harvesting of selected trees. * Considerations: * Thinning generally reduces total harvest volume. * High tree densities may lead to small trees if thinning not applied. * It is important to know how many trees or % of basal area is ideal for removal. * Eliminated trees must reduce competition; thinning very small trees in the understory is a waste of money!

Answer 102

Silvicultural treatment to: * Eliminate tree branches to reduce wood defects after final harvest. * Pruning may be done sometimes to reduce canopy fire risk. Activities: * Cut tree branches up to a given tree height (usually with length equal to a commercial log). Considerations: * Very expensive, so mostly applicable to faster growing species. * Pruning reduces growth rate! * Some species have good natural pruning.

Answer 103

Main timber extraction at the end of rotation age Activities: * Road building * Tree felling * Extraction * Yarding * Transportation Considerations: * How much to extract? * What is the optimum rotation age for even-aged stands? * How much volume can you take out in selection systems? * Must be done very carefully, as it is potentially the most impactful operation of all.

Answer 104

fine-scale gap dynamics!! (originally was thought to be fire, not anymore) *think about the handout from Disc #3

Answer 105

SELECTION ^^because it best aligns with fine-scale gap dynamics (aka falling trees)

Answer 106

Due to so much CLEARCUTTING the original predominant natural disturbance was thought to be stand-initiating fires so they used clearcutting to align with this disturbance even though there are close to zero forest fires in coastal BC

Answer 107

Provincial governments (combined)

Answer 108

1. Voume-based tenture: licensees that operate within a large Timber Supply Area (TSA) and are allocated an allowable annual cut (AAC). 2. Area-based tenture: licenses that give exclusive rights to a specific area

Answer 109

1. Enormous forest estate 2. Financially healthy industry 3. Virtually no illegal logging or deforestation

Answer 110

1. Disconnection between landlord and management 2. Government understaffing 3. Old-growth logging is still not entirely gone

Answer 111

The provincial government provides harvesting licences to third parties (mostly big companies), and gets stumpage fees in return.

Answer 112

1. Little benefit to local communities. 2. Government authoritarianism in forest management. 3. Rampant corruption.

Answer 113

a negotiated agreement amongst the government and relevant stakeholders on a shared vision and goals for a country's forests and trees, adopted by government.

Answer 114

official laws that apply to forestry activities (a subset of forest policy).

Answer 115

the annual amount of timber that can be harvested on a sustainable basis within a defined forest area

Answer 116

a designated area established by the Ministry in order to practice sound, integrated, resource management principles to improve the allowable annual cuts

Answer 117

land (or land covered by water like rivers or lakes) that is owned by the provincial government (provincial crown) or federal government (federal crown)

Answer 118

a voluntary process where an independent third party (certifier) assesses the quality of forest management and production against a set of standards that were predetermined by a public/private certification organization

Answer 119

agreement, license or permit transferring rights to use crown forests to others *2 types: 1. area-based 2. volume-based

Answer 120

a fee that businesses or individuals pay when they harvest timber from Crown land in B.C

Answer 121

actively reduced WOLF populations (this has been criticized by some)

Answer 122

- Predation by wolves - Habitat loss

Answer 123

Declining :( Drivers of decline vary but are related to increased predation (wolves) linked to habitat disturbance.

Answer 124

Vulnerable/decreasing

Answer 125

dominant = most abundant species in the community structure (by abundance or biomass) keystone = species that has a profound effect on community structure despite having relatively low abundance by; ---> playing pivotal role in food chain ---> acting as an ecosystem engineer ---> maintaining community structure through species interactions

Answer 126

states that 2 species competing for the exact same limited resource CANNOT COEXIST in stability

Answer 127

states that 2 species can learn to coexist by using their environment differently

Answer 128

diversity within a SINGLE ecosystem

Answer 129

diversity BETWEEN ecosystems

Answer 130

OVERALL DIVERSITY including all ecosystems in an area or region.

Answer 131

the value and the range of species and organism traits that influence ecosystem functioning

Answer 132

diversity in the STRUCTURE OF THE FOREST mainly including canopy structure (tree height, canopy cover), species composition, diversity of flowering and fructification and dead wood. *Higher structural diversity will require higher species diversity bc species of different tolerance are required to fill different forest layers.

Answer 133

diversity of genotypes within a species.

Answer 134

the number of individuals of a species in an area.

Answer 135

the NUMBER of different species in an area.

Answer 136

numerical index that incorporates species RICHNESS and their relative abundances (also known as evenness). *basically means the ratio of different species ^Ex. an ecosystem with an even distribution of 5 species has a higher species diversity (D) than an ecosystem with 8 species but dominated by one

Answer 137

species are dependent upon each other, like organs in a body.

Answer 138

description of the species present in an ecosystem, their abundance and interrelations.

Answer 139

species are present due to similar ecological niches along environmental gradients, without forming a “superorganism”.

Answer 140

ecotone communities having species from adjacent communities and some unique to the ecotone. ECOTONE = region where two communities meet.

Answer 141

an ENERGY FLOW (a salt marsh is a coastal ecosystem flooded by tides, with salt-tolerant plants)

Answer 142

“organization of an ecosystem into steps or levels through which energy flows as the organisms at each level consume energy stored in the tissues of organisms of the next lower level.” *10 to 50% of energy can be transferred to one level to the other, as it is lost in RESPIRATION, HEAT EXCHANGE, METABOLISM and TISSUE BUILDING. ^^^picture the diagram

Answer 143

the study of the interrelations between organisms (biotic factors) and their environment (abiotic factors)

Answer 144

a unit or portion of the forest landscape relatively uniform in composition, structure and properties of both biotic and abiotic elements and their interactions.

Answer 145

are fungi that grow on and form a symbiotic relationship with tree roots. The tree and fungi have a MUTUALISTIC interaction. The fungi receive energy from the trees and in return the trees receive nitrogen from the fungi

Answer 146

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS - leaching due to heavy rains results in low levels of nutrients essential for growth (e.g. phosphorous, nitrogen). But how do they still have so much life and healthy trees? ----> because of Mycorrhiza

Answer 147

McArthur divided spruce trees into different zones and re-observed the warblers, hypothesizing that different species would use separate zones. ^Predictions were correct: the spatial separation of feeding zones allowed the birds to coexist. This research created the concept Niche Differentiation

Answer 148

1. Negative (cost to one or both species): * Competition (–,–) * Predation / herbivory (+,–) * Parasitism (+,–) 2. Positive, also called symbiosis or facilitation (benefit to one or both species): * Commensalism (+,0) * Mutualism (+,+) 3. Neutral (no effect)

Answer 149

the reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods and services, typically a gradual process through which a forest's biomass declines, its species composition changes or its soil quality declines”

Answer 150

tree mortality or removal due to natural disturbances (e.g. wind, fire) or human activities (e.g. logging, prescribed burnings) where the forest is expected to regrow.

Answer 151

increase in forest land cover due to afforestation, reforestation, forest plantations or natural regeneration, not necessarily leading to forests with optimum biodiversity.

Answer 152

any process that results in the conversion of formerly continuous forest into patches of forest separated by non-forested lands *Picture several BLOCKS of no trees in a forest

Answer 153

naturally regenerated forest of native species with no clearly visible indications of human activities and ecological processes are not significantly disturbed

Answer 154

the process by which juvenile plants and coppice that have established naturally replace plants which have died or have been killed. Over time, following a disturbance, the growth of natural regeneration will reestablish canopy trees.

Answer 155

forest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and/or deliberate seeding

Answer 156

Major study that happens ever 5 years! Used by governments and policy makers in countries and global organizations (ex. United Nations) to set priorities and goals. Reports for each country: forest area, rate of change since 1990, forest expansion (natural and human), deforestation & forest type

Answer 157

STORAGE GAIN: Precipitation (P): rainfall or snowfall. STORAGE LOSS: * Interception (I): water intercepted by vegetation, which then evaporates. * Transpiration (T): water transported from the ground to the atmosphere via root absorption and release via leaves. * Evaporation (E): loss of water from the ground to the atmosphere. * Evapotranspiration (ET): sum of interception, transpiration and evaporation. * Streamflow (Q): water flowing in surface channels. INTERMEDIATE PROCESS: * Subsurface flow (S): water that reaches the stream through the porous soil. * Overland flow (O): water that reaches the stream flowing on top of the soil.

Answer 158

Q = P - ET (streamflow) = (precipitation) - (evaportranspiration) *all in volume (ex. m3) or depth (ex. mm)

Answer 159

1. Quantity (water yield & streamflow) 2. Quality (physical, chemical, biological) 3. Extreme events (flooding, landslides, low flows)

Answer 160

maximum rate of discharge during the period of runoff caused by a storm maximum instantaneous m3/s

Answer 161

Clearcutting in areas that are close to streams/rivers, etc. may drastically increase stream temp (cause fish mortality) and add debris and sediment into the stream

Answer 162

Inadequate forest operations can include higher sediment loads that effects the quality of nearby streams *the best way to prevent harmful sediment from getting to the water is by insuring safe forest operations

Answer 163

forest harvesting reduces evatranspiration and therefore increases flooding risk (an extreme event)

Answer 164

“The area that appears on the basis of topography to contribute all the water that passes through a given cross section of a stream.” (Dingman, 2002). ***Synonyms: basin, catchment, drainage basin.

Answer 165

m3/year an estimate of freshwater input (for example, rain, snow and snowmelt) flowing into streams and rivers.

Answer 166

average or current m3/s

Answer 167

an international legally binding agreement established in 1992, with three main objectives: * Conservation of biological diversity. * Sustainable use of biological diversity components. * Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from resource use.

Answer 168

protection of nature from human use

Answer 169

a clearly defined geographical space recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values

Answer 170

full reestablishment of original components and processes of a damaged or degraded ecosystem to: * A previous historical state. * A present standard. * A desired future condition. the main goals could be: - to initiate or speed the recovery of an ecosystem after disturbance. - to reestablish natural disturbance regimes.

Answer 171

geographic areas with at least 1,500 species of endemic vascular plants (irreplaceable), and with 30% or less of its original natural vegetation (threatened). 36 areas qualify as hotspots globally!

Answer 172

biological approaches to: - prevent extinction of species - maintain genetic diversity - protect or restore biological communities and their associated functions the careful (sustainable) use and protection of the earths natural resources and ecosystems.

Answer 173

an international organization dedicated to finding environmental solutions to various issues **famous for the publication of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; founded in 1948

Answer 174

multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals, regulating international trade of specimens of wild animals; established in 1973.

Answer 175

Sitka spruce plantations in Scotland

Answer 176

1. Revitalize degraded forests 2. Plant new forests 3. Reduce the demand for wood 4. Cut existing forests more rapidly 5. Manage existing forests more intensively

Answer 177

- Favourable deals and policies - Ambiguous laws - Bribes, enforcement and loopholes - Tax evasion - Illegal logging

Answer 178

a high-performing professional in the top 10% of talent pool available

Answer 179

how involved or interested students APPEAR to be in their learning and how connected they are to their classes, institutions and each other.

Answer 180

students’ energy and drive to learn, work hard, and achieve at school goal.

Answer 181

1. High support (good learning environment) 2. High Value (the end goal is beneficial to you) 3. High expectancy (the end goal feels achievable)

Answer 182

“a theory or system of moral values”

Answer 183

is the study of human behavior; what is right or wrong

Answer 184

provides a set of values for how a university can maintain honest and ethical academic standards in its research and teaching.

Answer 185

duty or responsibility to your employer or profession.

Answer 186

codes of conduct

Answer 187

in British Columbia, foresters are required by law (Foresters Act) to be authorized to practice the profession by the Association of British Columbia Forest Professionals (ABCFP).

Answer 188

ecocentric philosophy first proposed by Aldo Leopold, LINKING ETHICS WITH ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION: individuals are part of a community and ecosystem, and humans must act as responsible members.

Answer 189

fatal oxygen depletion caused by ALGAE OVERGROWTH due to excessive nutrient concentration (N, P). kills fish and other animals in water

Terms (Lecture 5 - 16) Flashcards

(219 cards)