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Bio Sci 41 > Terms to know for all chapters > Flashcards

Terms to know for all chapters Flashcards

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1
Q

Trepanation

A

the drilling of holes in the skull to relieve pressure and believed to “liberate” demons and bad spirits

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2
Q

Divination Bones

A

aka Dragon Bones; Bones from an animal used in Chinese divination ceremonies where one would write their problems on the bone and throw it in the fire. Depending on the way it cracks, it would tell them guidance from the ancestral/supernatural forces.

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3
Q

Book of the Dead

A

an ancient Egyptian funerary text, composed of spells, hymns, and rituals, intended to guide individuals through the challenges of the afterlife. Contained information on proper mummification and how deeds were written on the heart. The brain did not matter.

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4
Q

Confucius 5 Elements

A

Wood-Green (Gall Bladder, Liver, Eyes), Fire-Red (Tounge, Small Intestines, Heart), Water-Black (Kidney, Urinary Bladder), Metal-Blue/Silver/White (Lung, Large Intestine, Nose), Earth-Yellow/Brown (Spleen, Stomach, Mouth).

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5
Q

Pharmakoi

A

The “odd/misfit” people drugged up and expelled from ancient Greece in 800 BC by the Pharmacon during The Feast of Apollo. Ritualistic sacrifice or exile of human scapegoat or victim.

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6
Q

Socrates and Plato

A

Came to the notion that mental health was a personal responsibility based on self-analysis. The idea of rational higher intelligence fighting lower irrational animalistic urges stemmed from Greek philosophy

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7
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Rod went through his head and he changed personality. Led scientists to believe you can live without part of your brain and that different parts of your brain control different things

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8
Q

Gottlieb Burkhardt

A

In asylums he would take part of their frontal cortex to experiment and found patients became docile after

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9
Q

Antonio Egas Moniz

A

Invented the Leucotome (tool to cut out the frontal lobe)

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10
Q

John Fulton

A

Did experiments in primates by taking out chunks of their brain

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11
Q

Walter Freeman

A

Developed a way to destroy the frontal lobe by using a ice pick through the orbital opening to destroy the tissue (lobotomy)

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12
Q

Mourning

A

temporary sorrow/grief due to severe things that happen in your life

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13
Q

Melancholia

A

Prolonged phase of mourning (can happen due to many problems piling up)

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14
Q

Cingulotomy

A

Lesion the cingulate area

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15
Q

Axon

A

connects neurons for communication

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16
Q

Dendrite

A

where neurons receive messages from other neurons

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17
Q

Synapse

A

space between neurons

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18
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

main type of chemical messenger in the brain, ex: Dopamine, Norepinephrine

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19
Q

DA: Dopamine role in depression

A

Anhedonia of depression

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20
Q

NE: norepinephrine role in depression

A

Psychomotor retardation of depression

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21
Q

5-HT: serotonin role in depression

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A

Obsessive sense of grief of depression

22
Q

Transporter role in depression

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A

reuptake transporters recycle neurotransmitters

23
Q

Reuptake

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A

reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter

24
Q

Synthesis

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A

the process of combining different components or elements to form something new

25
Enzyme
a biological molecule, typically a protein, that acts as a catalyst in various biochemical reactions. Enzymes facilitate and accelerate these reactions without being consumed in the process
26
Rate-limiting
the step or process in a series of chemical reactions that limits the overall rate at which the reactions occur. It often determines the overall speed of a metabolic pathway.
27
Tryptophan
a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation
28
Tyrosine
a precursor amino acid for neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine
29
Hashimoto’s Disease Autoimmune Disease
an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and gradual destruction of thyroid tissue
30
Post Parturition
The depression after you give birth due to less production of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
31
Glucocorticoids: Cortisol & Hydrocortisone
Stress hormone. After fight or flight or trauma which is glucose and energy, stress hormones are released. The feeling of drained energy is when cortisol is released
32
Circadian Rhythm
A natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythms are influenced by external cues such as light and darkness
33
Cushing's Syndrome
a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands
34
Allele
Genes
35
Promoter
Decides how much of the protein will be made from the DNA
36
Deletion
Changes DNA sequence by removing at least one nucleotide in a gene
37
cingulate cortex
Area in limbic system that projects to the amygdala and prefrontal cortex
38
amygdala
Central role in emotion, fight or flight, etc...
39
fear pathway
Transmission of cs information to the amygdala as a defense response to threats
40
Collectivism
- each person is encouraged to be an active player in society - Do whats best for the group - Working with others is the norm - Large family networks - Rules promote stability, order, obedience - Everyone relies on eachother for support
41
Individualism
- United States, Western Cultures - “I” Identity - Promotes individual goals - Individual rights are most important - Help from others looked down upon, do it yourself - Helping your community is discouraged
42
Cultural specific syndroms
Brain fog: West Africa Shenjing shuairuo: physical and mental fatigue Tawatl ye sni: feelings of loss and discouragement
43
Tyramine
Amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. In medications like MAOIs. Serotonin Syndrome: Drug reaction caused by medications that build up high levels of serotonin in the body.
44
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells.
45
Autonomic nervous system
A component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.
46
Sympathetic
a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response.
47
Parasympathetic
Predominates in quiet “rest and digest” conditions
48
Serotonin (5-HT)
Monoamine neurotransmitter
49
Histamine
Chemical your immune system releases. Responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycle and cognitive function.
50
Reuptake Inhibitors
Like SSRIs, block reuptake of serotonin into neurons.

Bio Sci 41 (2 decks)

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