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Test #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Parenternal route of administration

A

Outside the GI (IV, IO, IM)

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2
Q

What effect will dehydration have on the admission of drugs?

A
  • Less body water = water soluble drugs have smaller area for distribution which increases concentrations of the drug in the blood
  • 
Loss of electrolytes can cause cell channels to function improperly causing drug to not be used
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3
Q

what is Xerostomia?

A

dry mouth

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4
Q

what is St. Johns Wort

A

Wild-growing with yellow flowers, this herb has been used for centuries in the treatment of mental disorders. Today, it is popular for mild to moderate depression.

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5
Q

toxidrome

A

the toxic effect of a medication

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6
Q

when was the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act?

A

1970

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7
Q

comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act did what?

A
  • legal basis for manufacturing, importation, possession, and distribution.
  • law established 5 scheduled classes
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8
Q

Who enforces controlled substances laws and monitors the need for changing schedules for abused drugs.

A

DEA- drug enforcement administration

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9
Q

what are some key things that the DEA enforces for controlled drugs?

A
  • drug storage
  • sign in and out drugs
  • 2 lock method
  • witnessed waste
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10
Q

What is a Schedule 1 Drug?

A

no accepted medical use, abuse potential high, potential for addiction high, examples: heroin, LSD, peyote, marijuana.

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11
Q

what is a scheduled 2 drug?

A

accepted medical use, abuse potential high, may lead to severe physical and psychologic dependence, examples: morphine, codeine, opium, ritalin.

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12
Q

what is a schedule 3 drug?

A

accepted medical use, abuse potential moderate, moderate physical and psychologic dependence, examples: anabolic steroids, vicodin.

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13
Q

what is a schedule 4 drug?

A

accepted medical use, abuse potential low, limited physical and psychologic dependence, examples: benzodiazepines, diazepam, lorazepam.

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14
Q

what is a schedule 5 drug?

A

accepted medical use, abuse potential low, limited physical and psychologic dependence, examples: medications for relief of diarrhea and cough.

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15
Q

what is the United States Pharmacopeia - National Formulary (USP-NF)

A

Designated by The U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act

Official reference source for drugs marketed in the United States.

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16
Q

The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914

A

Established the word “narcotic”

Regulated the importation, manufacture, sale, and use of opium, codeine, and their derivatives and compounds.

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17
Q

Who does the FDA over see?

A

oversees the general safety standards in the production of drugs

regulates biologic products, vaccines, blood products, tissues, ect.

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18
Q

What happens during the preclinical testing?

A
  • prehuman testing, evaluates drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, toxicity, and useful effects.
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19
Q

what happens during Phase 1 of Drug testing?

A

human clinical testing (metabolism and MOA)

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20
Q

what happens during Phase 2 of Drug testing?

A

larger number of human clinical testing (side effects and risks)

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21
Q

what happens during Phase 3 of Drug testing?

A

clinical testing on patients with disease, file application with FDA

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22
Q

what happens during Phase 4 of Drug testing?

A

released for general use, post-market surveillance. (not monitored by FDA)

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23
Q

on average how long does the drug testing process take for the FDA?

A

15-20 years

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24
Q

What is Enteral Drug route?

A

passes through the digestive track

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25
what is the sublingual route?
under the tongue, Nitro
26
Oral route? | PO
by mouth, | first pass effect
27
Buccal route?
placed in the mouth between the gum and mucous membrane aof cheek.
28
Rectal route?
suppository. child seizing, valium
29
gastric
gastrostomy tube, | activated charcoal
30
parenteral drug
NOT through the digestive tract
31
Intravenous Route | KVO?
IV, into the venous circulation KVO-Keep vein open
32
Intraosseous route
IO- emergency situation, through the bone.
33
intracardiac
injection directly into the ventricle of the heart
34
endotracheal
injection directly into the ventricle of the heart
35
Endotracheal
administed into the ET tube (2x the dose)
36
Inhalation | SVN?
(small volume nebulizer) | albuterol
37
intranasal | IN?
nasal passages (MAD device)
38
intralingual
injected into the tounge
39
Intramuscular | IM
skeletal muscle - 90 degree to pt - 1" - 2" needle
40
subcutaneous | SQ?
under the skin, subcutaneous layer - 45 degrees - 3/8 to 5/8 needle
41
topical route
applied on skin
42
small volume Neb SMV. what rate for O2?
6-10 lpm
43
What is pharmacokinetics?
its how the drug moves through the body.
44
Facilitated Transport?
no energy expended, lock and key protein, high concentration to low.
45
Absorption?
absorbed into the bloodstream
46
Distribution, how does it get moved through the body?
travel through bloodstream, lymph, target site, organs with high blood flow, brain, heart, liver, kidneys.
47
Biotransformation
chemical modification of the original drug in body, metabolism in liver. - Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active moiety (drug or metabolite) enters systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action. Bioavailability of a drug is largely determined by the properties of the dosage form, which depend partly on its design and manufacture.
48
Elimination
kidneys - urine, liver, lungs, sweat, salivary glands, and mammary glands.
49
what pt have a hard time eliminating drugs?
People who have a liver or a kidney disease. Impaired ability to eliminate drugs. there becomes a build up of the drug in the system, its not processed properly.
50
Efficacy
the ability of a drug to produce a physiologic response after attaching to a receptor
51
Therapeutic Index
• Its the calculated amount that has been decided to allow medication to work the best. ◦ Atropine is is a good example of having to stick to the minimum dose, other wise it doesn't work right. Also there is a max before it also stops working ‣ LD50- lethal dose (going off 50% of population we have given it too)
52
factors that influence drug action?
age, gender, body weight, environment, general health, genetics, culture, emotional, psychological, time, route, medication hx, diet.
53
what is Teratogen?
a drug or agent that is harmful to the development of an embryo or fetus.
54
Pregnancy Risk categories | A
no evidence of risk exists.
55
Pregnancy Risk categories | B
the risk of human fetal harm is possible but remote.
56
Pregnancy Risk categories | C
human fetal risk cannot be ruled out.
57
Pregnancy Risk categories | D
positive evidence of human fetal risk.
58
Pregnancy Risk Categories | X
contraindicated during pregnancy
59
what happens during the post market study?
• It’s the study of a drug after it hits the market, and the long based effects of a drug and things they find. (There are things they can’t predict. The contraindications and so on.) ◦ Ex: erectile drugs, originally was trying to use as a blood pressure medication.
60
Black Box warning-
warning that comes out post the drug being on the market ◦ Example is Droperidol (saying that don’t give it if they have long QT interval, puts them into torsades de pointes ) ‣ We still give it without having to do a full cardiac work up. ‣ Droperidol is for combative pt. ‣ So if they go into cardiac arrest! Know why, so you can fix it.
61
Untoward Effects
Unpredictable, Harmful Effects
62
What are some important things to know about drug storage?
The box should be evaluated for contents, expiration dates, quantity, and locking mechanisms. Storage of medication is important. (light and temperature)
63
What effect will dehydration have on the admission of drugs

Less body water = water soluble drugs have smaller area for distribution which increases concentrations of the drug in the blood
Loss of electrolytes can cause cell channels to function improperly causing drug to not be used This is why older people we have to be very careful with drug dosing
64
What is biotransformation? And how it works according to liver failure

Metabolism of the drug forming metabolites. Liver failure will leave drug in system longer and not metabolize
65
You have given the wrong drug, what do you do?
Reverse the action if possible, immediately notify the receiving medical doctor, physician advisor, and document.
66
For a drug to be official, what does it need at the end of the name?
USP
67
Pure food and drug act 1906

First legislation. Little more than labeling of drugs. Created FDA
68
Why are peds, pregnancy and geriatric patients a special consideration when giving drugs

Peds all weight based, certain drug can affect fetus, drug interact differently for geriatrics (body water, metabolism, liver failure, kidney failure)
69
Therapeutic dose, min. dose, max dose, and toxic dose

Therapeutic = effective, beneficial in 50%
Min = minimum to have beneficial effect
 Max = below is therapeutic, above is toxic. 24 hours Toxic = Toxicity in 50%
70
Renopathy effects elimination

Kidneys. If they don't work, drug wont leave
71
What are the 6 pt rights?
- Right Pt - Right Medication - Right route - Right Dose - Right date/ time - Right documentation
72
what should you label on a bag that you infused a drug into?
- Drug Name - concentration - Time/Date - Name
73
What are drugs?
they are chemicals used to - diagnose - treat - and prevent disease
74
what 3 things do you need to know about a drug before you give it?
- indications to give the drug - contraindications to not give the drug - check the name of the drug 3 times
75
what is pharmacology?
the study of drugs and their actions on the body.
76
what is the chemical name of drugs mean?
its the chemical compound and molecular structure
77
what is the generic name of the drug mean?
usually suggested by the manufacture. Usually is a combined chemical name.
78
what is the official name for a drug?
it is the generic name, that then is approved and has to have the USP on the back.
79
what is the brand name?
trade name, or proprietary name (like Benadryl). it is the company name and can exclusively make it for 18-22 years.
80
what are the actions of drugs?
- bind to receptor sites - change physical properties - chemically combine with other substances - altering a normal metabolic pathway
81
what do agonist do?
they allow receptor sites to react
82
what do antagonist do?
they block the receptor sites from agonist (think beta blocker, or narcan, or ARBs)
83
How does aspirin work?
it keeps the platelets from building up
84
what is thromboxane a2?
The messenger cells that call for more clotting, aspirin stops that message.
85
4 complications of IV therapy

``` Pain, local infection, pyrogenic reaction, cath shear, arterial puncture, thrombus formation, air embolism, necrosis ```
86
vermilion border
is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip and the adjacent normal skin

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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