Test 1 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Psychpathology
A
the field concerned with the nature and development of abnormal behaviour
2
Q
Abnormal behaviour
A
includes such characteristics as statistical infrequency, violation of norms, personal distress, disability or dysfunction, and unexpectedness
3
Q
Normal curve
A
bell-shaped curve, majority of people in the middle, very few people at the extremes
4
Q
Clinicians
A
the various professionals authorized to provide psychological services
5
Q
Clinical psychologist
A
typically requires a PhD or PsyD, 4 to 7 years of graduate study
6
Q
Psychotherapy
A
a primarily verbal means of helping troubled individuals change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour to reduce stress
7
Q
Psychiatrists
A
holds an MD degree, has had postgraduate training, called a residency, in which they have received supervision in the practice of diagnosis and psychotherapy
8
Q
Psychoactive drugs
A
chemical compounds that influence how people feel and think
9
Q
Psychoanalyst
A
has received specialized training at a psychoanalytic institute
10
Q
Social worker
A
obtains an M.S.W (master of social work)
11
Q
Programs for counselling psychologists
A
similar to graduate training in clinical psychology but usually have less emphasis on research and the more severe forms of psychopathology
12
Q
Demonology
A
the doctrine that an evil being, such as the devil may dwell in a person and control their mind and body
13
Q
Exorcism
A
the casting out of evil spirits by ritualistic chanting or torture
14
Q
Trepanning
A
making a surgical opening in a living skull by some instrument
15
Q
Somatogenesis
A
the notion that something wrong with the soma (or physical body) disturbs thought and action
16
Q
Psychogenesis
A
a disturbance has psychological origins
17
Q
Asylums
A
refuges established for the confinement and care of the mentally ill
18
Q
Moral treatment
A
sympathetic and attentive treatment
19
Q
Community treatement orders (CTOs)
A
a legal tool issued by a medical practitioner that establishes the conditions under which a mentally ill person may live in the community
20
Q
Transinstitutionalization
A
More care being provided in psychiatric units of general hospitals, rather than in psychiatric hospitals
21
Q
Provincial psychiatric hospitals
A
provide specialized treatment and rehabilitation services for individuals whose needs for care are too complex to be managed in the community
22
Q
Syndrome
A
A group of symptoms
23
Q
General paresis
A
steady deterioration in mental and physical abilities
24
Q
Germ theory of disease
A
the view that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms
25
Cathartic method
The experience of reliving an earlier emotional catastrophe and releasing the emotional tension caused by suppressed thoughts about the event
26
Self-stigma
the tendency to internalize mental health stigma and see oneself in more negative terms as a result of experiencing a psychological problem
27
Mental health literacy
refers to the accurate knowledge that a person has developed about mental illness and its causes and treatment
28
Community psychology
psychologists seek out problems or potential problems, focus on prevention
29
Paradigm
The conceptual framework or approach within which a scientist works
30
Biological paradigm
Mental disorders are caused by aberrant biological processes
31
Genes
Carriers of genetic information passed from parents to child
32
Behaviour genetics
study of individual differences in behaviour that are attributable in part to differences in genetic makeup
33
Genotype
Unobservable genetic constitution
34
Phenotype
Obserservable characteristics
35
Family method
can be used to study a genetic predisposition among members of a family because the average number of genes shared between two blood relatives is known
36
Adoptees method
Study children with abnormal disorders who were adopted and reared apart from their parents
37
Linkage analysis
a method in molecular genetics used to study people
38
Temperament
constitutionally based differences in reactivity and self regulation
39
Resilient type
cope well with adversity, adaptive, high functioning,
40
Overcontrolling type
overly inhibited and prone to distress, shy, lonely, moderate self-esteem and school performance
41
Undercontrolling type
prone to acting out and aggressive behaviours, delinquency, externalizes problems, school conduct difficulties, lower IQ and school performance
42
Nerve impulse
Change in the electric potential of the cell
43
Synapse
small gap between the terminal endings of the sending axon and the cell membrane of the receiving neuron
44
Neurotransmitters
chemical substances that allow a nerve impulse to cross the synapse
45
Deep brain stimulation
planting battery-operated electrodes in the brain that deliver low-level electrical impulses
46
Reductionism
the view that whatever is being studied can and should be reduced to its most basic elements or constituents
47
Behaviourism
An approach that focuses on observable behaviour rather than on consciousness
48
Extinction
The gradual disappearance of the CR
49
Operant conditioning
Applied to behaviour that operates on the environment
50
Discriminative stimulus
external events that tell an organism that if it performs a certain behaviour, a certain consequence will follow
51
Positive reinforcement
Strengthening of a tendency to respond by virtue of the presentation of a positive reinforcer
52
Negative reinforcement
Strengthens a response via the removal of an aversive event
53
Modelling
Learning by watching and imitating others
54
Behaviour therapy/modification
Applied procedures based on classical and operant conditioning to alter clinical problems
55
Counterconditioning
relearning achieved by eliciting a new response in the presence of a particular stimulus
56
Self-efficacy
An individual's perceived sense of being capable
57
Aversive conditioning
a stimulus attractive to the client is paired with an unpleasant event
58
Cognition
perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, judging, and reasoning
59
Schema
an organized network of already accumulated knowledge
60
Rational-emotive behaviour therapy
The aim is to eliminate self-defeating beliefs through a rational examination of them
61
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Incorporates theory and research on cognitive and behavioural processes and represents a blend of cognitive and learning principles
62
Cognitive restructuring
Changing a pattern or thought that is presumed to be causing a disturbed emotion or behaviour
63
Id
present at birth and is the part of the mind that accounts for all the energy needed to run the psyche
64
Unconscious
below the level of awareness
65
Primary process thinking
generating images (fantasies) of what is desired
66
Ego
primarily conscious and begins to develop from the id during the second six months of life
67
Secondary process thinking
planning and decision making functions
68
Pleasure principle
seeking immediate gratification
69
Reality principle
mediating between the demands of reality and immediate gratification
70
Superego
Operates roughly as the conscience and develops throughout childhood
71
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic paradigm
psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual
72
Psychodynamics of personality
the interplay between the id, ego, and superego
73
Objective (realistic) anxiety
The ego's reaction to danger in the external world
74
Neurotic anxiety
a feeling of fear that is not connected to reality or to any real threat
75
Moral anxiety
arises when the impulses of the superego punish an individual for not meeting expectations
76
Defence mechanism
a strategy used unconsciously to protect the ego from anxiety
77
Repression
pushes unacceptable impulses and thoughts into the unconscious
78
Denial
entails disavowing a traumatic experience and pushing it into the unconscious
79
Displacement
redirecting emotional responses from a perhaps dangerous object to a substitute
80
Regression
retreating to the behavioural patterns of an earlier age
81
Rationalization
inventing a reason for an unreasonable action or attitude
82
Sublimation
converting sexual or aggressive impulses into socially valued behaviours
83
Psychotherapy
a social interaction in which a trained professional tries to help another person behave and feel differently
84
Insight therapies
assume that behaviour, emotions, and thoughts become disordered because people do not understand what motivates them
85
Action (behavioural) therapies
the focus is on changing behaviour (both use insight though)
86
Free association
verbalizing whatever comes to mind without censoring it
87
Resistances
a client changing the topic or going silent during free association, probe it further, usually sensitive or ego-threatening
88
Latent content
symbolic content in dreams that disguises repressed material
89
Transference
when the client's responses to the analyst reflect relationships with important people in the client's past
90
Countertransference
Analysts feelings towards the client
91
Interpretation
Analyst points out the meaning of certain behaviours
92
Ego analysis
place greater emphasis on a person's ability to control the environment and to select the time and the means for satisfying instinctual drives, contending that the individual is as much ego as they are id
93
Brief therapy
Time-limited psychotherapy
94
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
concentrates on the client's current interpersonal difficulties and discusses with the client better ways of relating to others
95
Role-playing
having the client practise new behaviours in the consulting room
96
Humanistic therapies
insight-focused, based on the assumption that disordered behaviour results from a lack of insight, and can best be treated by increasing the individual's awareness of motivations and needs
97
Client-centred therapies
Based on the assumption that people can only be understood from the vantage point of their own perceptions and that healthy people are aware of their behaviour, inherently good, and goal-directed.
98
Unconditional positive regard
accepting the person for who they are
99
Eclecticism
employing ideas and therapeutic techniques from a variety of schools
100
Cumulative risk
the effects of being exposed to multiple risk factors
101
Reliability
the consistency of measurement
102
Inter-rater reliability
Measures the degree to which two independent observers or judges agree
103
Test-retest reliability
measures the extent to which people being observed twice or taking the same test twice score in generally the same way
104
Alternate-form reliability
the extent to which scores on two forms of a test are consistent
105
Internal consistency reliability
assesses whether the items on a test are related to one another
106
Content validity
the extent to which a measure adequately samples the domain of interest
107
Criterion validity
evaluated by determining whether a measure is associated in an expected way with some other measure (the criterion)
108
Construct validity
relevant when we want to interpret a test as a measure of some characteristic or construct that is not simply defined
109
Structured interview
Interview in which the questions are set out in a prescribed fashion for the interviewer
110
Evidence-based assessment
selects assessment measures based on extensive criteria including the reliability and validity of the measures and reading level required
111
Psychological tests
Standardized procedures designed to measure a person's performance on a particular task or to assess their personality, thoughts, feelings, and behaviour
112
Test norms
standards that are used to interpret an individual's score, which is meaningless without a comparison context
113
Standardization
Collecting sufficient data for comparison of individual scores
114
Personality inventory
when a person is asked to complete a self-report questionnaire indicating whether statements assessing habitual tendencies apply to them
115
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The best-known and most frequently used and researched psychological test in the US
116
Faking bad
accentuating deficits that don't really exist
117
Projective test
psychological assessment device in which a set of ambiguous looking standard stimuli are presented to the individual
118
Projective hypothesis
The assumption that the client's responses to ambiguous stimuli will be determined by unconscious processes and will reveal their true self
119
Rorschach Ink Blot Test
the best-known projective technique
120
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
projective tests in which an individual is shown black-and-white pics and asked to tell a story about each one
121
Intelligence test
Standardized means of assessing a person's current mental ability
122
Race norms
Revised norms for various racial or cultural groups
123
Stereotype threat
scores fluctuate out of concerns about how the information will be used according to stereotypes
124
Cognitive-behavioural case formulation
a provisional map of a person's presenting problems that describes the territory of the problems and explains the processes that caused and maintain the problem
125
CT scan
computerized axial tomography, helps to assess structural brain abnormalities
126
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
person is placed inside a large circular magnet for imaging, takes higher quality images than a CT scan
127
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
allows researchers to take pictures so quickly that metabolic changes can be measured
128
PET scan
allows measurement of brain function, involves labelling a substance in the brain with a radioactive isotope
129
Neurologist
A physician who specializes in medical diseases that affect the nervous system
130
Neuropsychologist
Psychologist who studies how dysfunctions of the brain affect the way we think, feel, and behave
131
Neuropsychological tests
tests to assess behaviour disturbances caused by brain dysfunctions
132
Psychophysiology
concerned with bodily changes that accompany psychological events or that are associated with a person's psychological characteristics
133
Electrocardiogram
graphically depiects heartbeats
134
electrodermal responding
skin conductance
135
electroencephalogram (EEG)
measures brain activity with electrodes placed on the scalp
136
DSM-5
current edition of the official diagnostic system widely employed by mental health professionals
137
Multiaxial classification
each individual is rated on five separate dimensions, or axes
138
Mental disorder
problematic term that no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries of
139
Categorical classification
a yes-no approach to classification
140
Dimensional classification
The entities or objects being classified must be ranked on a quantitative dimesion
141
Sensitivity
agreement regarding the presence of a specific diagnosis
142
Specificity
agreement concerning the absence of a diagnosis
143
Kappa
measures the proportion of agreement over and above what would be expected by chance
144
Outline for Cultural Formulation
designed to guide treatment planning from a perspective sensitive to differences in ethnocultural backgrounds and context
145
Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI)
semi-structured interview tapping four themes: cultural definitions of the problem; cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support; cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help-seeking; and cultural factors affecting currently help-seeking
146
DSM-5 V codes
conditions or significant factors that are not disorders but can have a strong influence on treatment (homelessness, divorce, etc)
147
Asperger's syndrome
milder form of autism, done away with in the DSM-5
148
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
New disorder in the DSM-5, related to severe temper tantrums
149
Epidemiology
Study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder in a population
150
Prevalence
The proportion of a population that has a disorder at a given time
151
Life-time prevalence
The proportion of the sample that had ever experienced the disorder up to the time of the interview
152
Comorbidity
co-occurence of different disorders, the "premier challenge facing mental health professionals"
