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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Four major components of sedimentary rocks

A

Terrigenous, Chemical/Biochemical, Carbonaceous, Autigenic

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2
Q

Terrigenous

A

Mainly silicates, Qtz., Feldspars, mica.

AGGREGATE: Sandstone, conglomerates.

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3
Q

Chem/biochem

A

CaCO3, Intrabasinal,

Limestones

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4
Q

Carbonaceous

A

In organic matter

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5
Q

Carb. Comp.: Humic

A

Oxidation of terrestrial material. Like burning wood

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6
Q

Carb. Comp.: Sapropelic

A

Remains of phytoplankton. Decaying organic matter ooze. Major contribute to energy. Marine environment

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7
Q

Carb. Comp.: Bitumens

A

Oil seeping up fault and oxidizing. Molecule goes from linear to circular

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8
Q

Autigenic (In place)

A

H2O redist. within in porous rocks/sed. Soluble comps cement rock. Follows natural process

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9
Q

Major trends in the distribution of sedimentary rocks through space and time

A

increase in mass of sedimentary rocks from Precambrian to Cenozoic, Recycling of Sedimentary rocks. Constant mass vs. linear accumulation.

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10
Q

Increase in mass of sedimentary rocks from Precambrian to Cenozoic

A

Because they were not being recycled as there was little cont.-cont. contact. Little to no Subduction/mountains until the paleozoic.

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11
Q

constant mass vs. linear accumulation

A

Constant mass is the inference that Earth never gains or loses mass, it’s only transferred. Linear accumulation takes into account meteorites and assumes the Earth has been gaining mass over time.

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reactions that depends on the disassociation of H2O into H+ and OH- ions when an acidifying agent is present. Happens to many silicates

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13
Q

Oxidation

A

the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons. Rust

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14
Q

Simple Solution

A

Ex.//Most rock-forming silicates have very low solubility but in the presence of strongly alkalized water does it become moderately soluble.

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15
Q

Hydration

A

Hydration is a form of chemical weathering in which the chemical bonds of the mineral are changed as it interacts with water.

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16
Q

Products of Chem. weathering

A

CLAY, Al oxide, Fe oxide

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17
Q

Soil Property: color

A

The darker the color the more organic matter present.

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18
Q

Soil Property: Texture

A

Depends on

  • Grain Size
  • part. shape
  • Grain packing
  • Fabric(Arrangement)
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19
Q

Soil Property: Structure

A
  • Platy
  • Prismatic
  • Columnar
  • Angular and blocky
  • Subangular Blocky
  • Granular
  • Crumb
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20
Q

Soil Profile: A

A

mineral Horizon, Topsoil, Lots of organic matter. Buried A layer is an indication of landscape changes. Additions and losses are Dom. process

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21
Q

Soil Profile: B

A

The subsoil, Light color, Mineral subsurface, Zone of accumulation(Illuviation)(Clay, Salt, Fe), Transformations and additions are Dom. process

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22
Q

Soil Profile: C

A

Transition Zone, varied color, Contains parent material, like glacial till or lake sediments, no Dom. process, low intensity

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23
Q

Soil Profile: D

A

Parent material, Rock and gravel

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24
Q

Soil Profile: O and E

A 
O = Decomposed Organic matter, like a lot of leaves.
E = Light layer between A and B, caused by acidic forest litter
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25
Intensity
Controlled by mostly climate
26
Duration
Controlled by topography
27
Paleosols
``` Fossil soil, Commonly Deposited by glaciers Recognized by -Enrichment in Org. matter -Red Horizons, Fe increases to the top -Irregular blocky structure -Top of Horizon is usually truncated ```
28
Viscosity
The measure of liquids "Thickness" Honey=High visc.
29
Newtonian Fluid
Lowest stress yield to deform, No change in visc. with increase of shear strength. CONSTANT VISC. Ex.// Water and Air
30
Non-Newtonian Fluid
2nd lowest sheer strength, VARIABLE VISC. | Ex.// Fluid Mud
31
Bingham Plastic
More sheer = Higher/equal Visc. (Toothpaste) | Ex.// Debris Flow
32
Psuedoplastic
More sheer = Lower Visc. (Blood) | Ex.// Water with dispersed sediment and ice.
33
Entrainment
Process of lifting resting grains from the bed and putting them in motion
34
Lift Force
"Up force" caused by Bernoulli effect of fluid flow over projected grains
35
Drag force
"Horizontal force", Acts parallel to the bed and is related to the boundary shear stress
36
Critical Threshold
The amount of Sheer stress needed in order to initiate grain motion.
37
Bernoulli Effect
Hydraulic lift caused by the convergence of fluid stram lines over a grain.
38
Shielding effects
Smaller particles are protected by larger particles, "shielding" them from the flow
39
The cohesion of small particles
Water acts like glue holding smaller particles together,
40
Hjulström Digram
A plot that shows the threshold for initiation of grain movement for different sized grains, at a depth of 1m. - Consolidated Clays and Gravel need high Vel. - Unconsolidated clay, Fine sand, and sand easiest to move
41
Shields Diagram
Same as Hjulstrom Diagram, but more rigorous and general. Uses dimensionless variables Shear stress and Grain Reynold's Number instead of Vel. and grain size.
42
Bedload Transport
Coarse sand and gravel that moves on or very close to the bed
43
Suspended load
Finer material carried up in the main flow
44
Traction
Bedload transport. Grains rolling, sliding, and impact/creeping.
45
Intermittent Suspension
If turbulent lifting forces are too erratic, sand may drop to bed from time to time. Not Saltation because particles carried higher and longer.
46
Continuous Suspension
Smaller particles carried along at the same velocity of fluid flow
47
deformation structures
Loadcasts and flame structures
48
components of Sandstones
``` Framework Grains Matrix Cement Autigenic material Pores ```
49
Problems with classifying Sandstones
``` Genetic class vs. Descriptive class Is chert Qtz. or a Rk fragment What to do with the matrix How does grain size relate to parent rock ```
50
Types of Matrix
Protomatrix Orthomatrix Epimatrix Pseudomatrix
51
Protomatrix
non-crystallized
52
Orthomatrix
inhomogenous
53
Epimatrix
fills pores
54
Psuedomatrix
Looks like two grains squeezing a matrix
55
Types of Cement
Silicate(Clay/Qtz Overgrowth) Carbonate(Calcite) Hematite(Fe Oxide) Sulfate(not common)
56
Clast-Supported Cong.
Low matrix, needs high energy like fluvial and beach
57
Matrix Supported Cong. (Breccia)
Low energy, Diamictite, often glacial
58
Diagenesis
The Chem. and Physical process of turning sediment into sedimentary rock
59
Twinning Shows...
Cleavage spaces
60
Wacke
Clay cement
61
Arkose
Felspar arenite
62
Greywacke
Lithic Sandstone
63
K-feldspar
Grid twinning, Plutonic origin, alkali feldspar, Orthoclase to anorthoclase
64
Plagioclase
Parallel twinning, volcanic origin, Albite to anorthite
65
Bed
greater than 1cm=bed, less than 1cm= laminae | 2 types planer stratified and cross-stratified
66
Bouma Sequence
Order of fine-grained on top, coarse on bottom, | Describes beds generated by turbidity currents
67
Bedforms
Ripple in floor are bedforms Spatially periodic H2O interface
68
Mechanics of bedform formation
Flow on the bottom is slower than flow on top
69
Separation bubble
Occurs when flow close to bed goes back onto itself and creates a "bubble" where sediment forms
70
antidunes
Occurs with upper flow regimes High v. Low undulating bedforms up to 5m in length Migrate upstream, have very low angle <10degrees
71
Ripples
Lower Flow regime, like little dunes
72
Dunes
Lower Flow regime | Larger bedform with spacing/wavelength from under 1m to over 1000m
73
Flazer
Discontinued bed layer
74
Deposition of if Congs.
Crevasse of Cont. shelf | or crevasse under an overarching mountain
75
Imbrication
an overlapping of edges
76
Isotropic
Same in all directions Halite
77
Anisotropic
Go extinct every 90-degree rotation | Quartz
78
Pleochroism
The property possessed by some crystals of exhibiting different colors, especially three different colors, when viewed along different axes.
79
Retardation
Act of result of delaying
80
Shales
The function of Carbon Materials present

Sed. Strat. (2 decks)

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