test 1

Question 1

what are the 3 roles of research?

Answer 1

1. to develop critical thinking skills
2. to find reason
3. use empirical evidence

Question 2

what 2 things are wring with the media?

Answer 2

1. disorts research and social issues

2. prone to bias and judgment

Question 3

what are the two types of evidence?

Answer 3

1. quantitative data: evidence in the from of #s

2. qualitative data: evidence in the from of symbols, words, visuals.

Question 4

what 3 things should you ask yourself when thinking about research?

Answer 4

1. what am I asked to believe or think
2. what evidence is there to suggest this
3. is the evidence sufficient

Question 5

what is a variable?

Answer 5

aspect of reality that changes/varies overtime

Question 6

what are the 2 types of variables?

Answer 6

1. independent: what is being tested (explains the dv, always comes first in rq)
2. dependent: outcome as a result of the IV. topic of interest.

Question 7

what are the 5 stepson the cycle of research?

Answer 7

1. identify research area (TOPIC)
2. design research study (CREATE SURVEY)
3. carry out research (CONDUCT survey)
4. Analyze results (RESULTS)
5. Publish research results (PRESENT)

Question 8

what is a research question?

Answer 8

a question that proposes a link between 2 variables.

Question 9

what are the 4 steps of creating a RQ?

Answer 9

1. Topic
2. Possible explanations
3. creation of the question
4. creation of hypothesis

Question 10

what does the topic of the rq do?

Answer 10

Uses two variables to propose a link.

Question 11

how are rqs structured (2 factors)?

Answer 11

1. How does……affect……

2. IV before DV

Question 12

what is a hypothesis ? (2 things)

Answer 12

1. a statement about the relationship of 2 variables

2. answer to the RQ

Question 13

how is a hypothesis structured ?

Answer 13

If…..then…….

Question 14

create a RQ and hypothesis with the topics of income and consumption.

Answer 14

RQ: How does income affect consumption?

HYP: If you have a higher income, then you will consume more.

Question 15

how do you make concepts observable and measurable? (2 things)

Answer 15

1. use variables

2. use indicators (measurements)

Question 16

what is operationalization? 3 things

Answer 16

1. the process of connecting concepts to observations
2. the process of defining a variable with specific variables so that they can be measured and identified overtime.
3. giving values to dv and iv

Question 17

how is an operational definition structured?

Answer 17

“IV/DV will be measured using 2 (whatever #) variables”

Question 18

what is a conceptual definition and how is it structured?

Answer 18

1. describes the concept

2. “IV/DV can be defined as …..”

Question 19

create a conceptual and operational definition for this HYP “ if a person smokes regularly, then they will drive more dangerously”

Answer 19

conceptual : “Smoking Is defined as the consumption of cigarettes” (IV)

conceptual: “ Driving habits are defined as the safety of a driver) IV

operational: “ Smoking will be measured using 1 variable.
IV1= the # of cigs consumed/day)”

operational: “driving habits will be measured using 2 variables.
DV1: # of tickets received/month
DV2: # of car accidents/month”

Question 20

what are the 7 sections of a paper?

Answer 20

1. abstract
2. intro
3. methods
4. results
5. discussion
6. acknowledgments
7. reference list

Question 21

what do the 7 parts of a paper do?

1. 1
2. 3
3. 4
4. 1
5. 2
6. 1
7. 1

Answer 21

1. abstract: summarizes the study
2. intro : reviews previous knowledge, states hypothesis, identifies topic/rq
3. methods: describes study (participants/ sample size, method–> survey, measurements–> DV/IV, data analysis)
4. presents findings (answer to rq)
5. interprets results, includes limitation and implication
6. thanking participants
7. literature cited

Question 22

what is a survey? 6 things

Answer 22

1. collections of questions
2. most widely used data-gathering technique
3. Large number of people (called respondents) hear and give
4. Questions about past behaviors, experiences, opinions and characteristics
5. measures many variables
6. tests multiple hypothesis

Question 23

what are 4 demographic variables? (describe the population)

Answer 23

1. age
2. gender
3. program study
4. ethnic background

Question 24

what is a contingency questions?

Answer 24

skip to question

Question 25

what is the Likert scale? 3 things

Answer 25

1. rating scale 2. measure the feelings/degree of agreement of the respondents (opinions, feelings) 3. ideally 4-7 interval levels

Question 26

what are the 3 rules for designing questions?

Answer 26

1. avoid ambiguous terms 2. avoid double-barrelled questions 3. avoid leading questions 4. avoid unbalanced questions

Question 27

what are the 4 definitions for the rules for designing questions?

Answer 27

1. too vague 2. avoiding mixing 2 variables 3. leads people to answer a certain way 4. too many disagree/agree

Question 28

what is an open-ended question? 2 things

Answer 28

1. Allows respondents to give any answer | 2. No predetermined list of responses

Question 29

what is an closed-ended question?

Answer 29

multiple choice

Question 30

name 3 advantages of closed-ended questions?

Answer 30

1. easier to administer and to analyze 2. easier to compare 3. rules

Question 31

2 things to remember when writing closed ended questions.

Answer 31

1. Make sure categories are mutually exclusive | 2. Make sure category items are exhaustive

Question 32

what are the 2 types of sampling procedures?

Answer 32

1. non-random sampling | 2. random sampling

Question 33

what is sampling

Answer 33

a researcher selects a sample of participants for a study from the population of interest

Question 34

name 3 characteristics of non-random sampling.

Answer 34

1. Impossible to give each person an equal chance of being selected. 2. Sample is usually biased 3. But still effective

Question 35

what are the 3 types of non-random sampling?

Answer 35

1. convenience sampling (purposive sampling ) 2. snowball sampling 3. quota sampling

Question 36

name 3 characteristics of convenience sampling?

Answer 36

a. Use whatever participants that are readily available b. Sample by asking for volunteers c. Whoever the researcher judges have characteristics that meet the purpose of the study

Question 37

name 2 characteristics of snowball (network) sampling?

Answer 37

a. Selection is based on connections in pre-existing networks b. Ask one person and they recruit a bunch of people (you get participants through them)

Question 38

name 2 characteristics of quota sampling?

Answer 38

- Researchers take steps to ensure that certain kinds of participants are obtained for specific problems and in particular proportions

Question 39

what is random sampling? 2 things

Answer 39

- Every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected - Generalizations from the sample to the population

Question 40

name the 4 types of random sampling.

Answer 40

1. simple random sampling 2. systematic sampling 3. stratified random sampling 4. cluster sampling

Question 41

name the 4 steps of simple random sampling.

Answer 41

- Define the population - List all members of the population - Assign numbers to each member of the population - Select a sample

Question 42

name the 4 steps of systematic random sampling.

Answer 42

- Select individuals at every fixed interval a) Divide the population by the size of the desired sample: e.g: 50/10 = 5 b) Select a starting point at random c) Select every 5th name from the starting point

Question 43

name the 2 criterias of stratified random sampling.

Answer 43

a) Population is divided into strata, then participants randomly selected from each stratum. Stratum: a subset of the population that shares a particular characteristic (gender, location, occupation) b) A random sample is selected that reflects the proportion of the population

Question 44

name the 2 criterias of cluster random sampling.

Answer 44

- Randomly select a sample of “clusters” and then study those individuals - Canada --> provinces --> universities--> students

Question 45

name the 3 criterias of multistage cluster random sampling.

Answer 45

1. Various stages 2. Various subsamples 3. Clusters are randomly samples, then a random sample of individuals is taken from samples clusters.

Question 46

name the 6 parts of the bibliographical information of a research paper.

Answer 46

1. title 2. authors 3. year of publication 4. name of journal 5. volume and issue # 6. place retreived