Test 1 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What are the roots of psychology? (2)
A
Philosohy and science
2
Q
What is philosophy?
A
Discipline in which individuals ponder questions about humanity, using logic to gain insight
3
Q
What is science?
A
Discipline in which rigorous scientific techniques are used to answer questions about physical and metaphysical world
4
Q
Define psychology
A
Combines these two disciplines to ask important questions about humanity, using scientific method to find answers
5
Q
How many major psychological perspectives are there and what are they?
A
Seven
- Evolutionary
- Psychodynamic/psychoanalytical
- Behaviorism
- Humanism
- Cognitive
- Socio-cultural
- Biopsychological
6
Q
Define evolutionary psychological perspective
A
Naturally selected traits promoting the survival of genes
7
Q
Which psychological perspective relates to the following:
Learning from associations and observable responses
A
Behaviorism
8
Q
Which psychological perspective is defined by the following:
Behaviour stems from unconscious drives and conflicts
A
Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic
9
Q
What is humanism?
A
Meeting needs for love and acceptance, acheive self-fulfilment
10
Q
What is cognitive psychological perspective?
A
Encoding, processing, storing, retrieving information
11
Q
Which of the following is the definition of socio-cultural psychological perspective?
A) naturally selected traits promoting the survival of genes
B) learning from associations and observable responses
C) behaviour and thinking varying across situations
D) Body and brain, enable enabling emotions, memories, sensory experiences, how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences
A
C) behaviour and thinking varying across situations
12
Q
Body and brain, enabling Emotions, memories, sensory experiences, how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences Is the definition of what psychological perspective?
A
Biopsychological
13
Q
What are the four goals of psychology?
A
Description, explanation, prediction, influence/control
14
Q
What are independent and dependent variables?
A
Independent variables are the cause, dependant is the effect.
Independent variables cause the dependent variable to change
15
Q
What is intrinsic motivation?
A
The curiosity to learn about how and why humans behave and think in the way they do, psychologist would say you were intrinsically motivated to learn
16
Q
What is extrinsic motivation?
A
Factors outside of own personal interest. Example: if you take the course because of program requirements psychologist would say you were extrinsically motivated
17
Q
Refers to dynamics of behavior; ways in which our actions are initiated, sustained, directed and terminated Is the definition of what?
A
Motivation
18
Q
What does the model of motivation include?
A
A need, Drive, response, goal
19
Q
Model of motivation begins with what?
A
A need Or internal deficiency
20
Q
In the model of motivation what does a need cause?
A
A drive
21
Q
What is the definition of a drive when it comes to model of motivation?
A
Energized motivational state
22
Q
What does a drive activate in a model of motivation?
A
Our response designed ottain a goal
23
Q
What is a response when it comes to the model of motivation?
A
Action/series of actions 
24
Q
What is a goal in relation to model of motivation?
A
The target of motivated behaviour
Goal ends chain of events
25
What is an incentive in relation to motivation?
The pull of a goal is called its incentive value.
 some goals so desirable that they can motivate behaviour in the absence of an internal need
Other goals so low incentive value that they may be rejected even if they meet the internal need
26
What are the three types of motivation?
Primary motives, stimulus motives, secondary motives
27
What motives are based on learn needs, drives and goals?
Secondary motives
28
What Type of motive expresses her needs for stimulation and information?
Stimulus motives
29
What type of motive is based on biological needs that must be met for survival and are annate?
Primary motives
30
What are the most important primary motives?
Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, and needs for air, sleep, elimination of waste, regulation of body temperature
31
Our stimulus motives necessary for survival?
No
32
What type of motive is related to learned needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, security and achievement?
Secondary motives
33
Who is Maslow and his hierarchy of needs?
One of the founders of humanistic psychology; an area in the field that focusses on what it Means to be human and which emphasizes the importance of personal experiences and their influence on our emotional health And the relation to motivation
34
What is at the base of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs; needed for human survival. This includes air, water, food, sex, sleep, clothes, shelter
These needs must be met in order for the human body to remain in homeostasis.
35
Next up from physiological needs on hierarchy of needs is what?
Safety needs; includes job security, health, safe environments. Personal, emotional, financial security
The need to feel safe.
36
The third of five hierarchy of needs is love and belonging which includes the following:
Being comfortable with and connection to others that results from receiving acceptance, respect and love. Humans possess an effective need for a sense of belonging and acceptance among social groups: work, sports, friends or family
37
The fourth hierarchy of needs is esteem.
| Esteem needa refers to;
 Most people have a need for a stable esteem, based on real capacity/achievement. The need for respect from others, status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. As well as the need for self-respect, strength, confidence, mastery, self-confidence, independence, and freedom
38
At the very top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is
Self actualization
39
Self actualization includes the following
Fulfilling our potential. Some characteristics may exhibit accurate perception of reality, general acceptance of nature, Oneself and others are, spontaneity, commitment, Need for privacy and independence, deep feelings of empathy, ability to maintain strong relationships, don’t overpower others
40
What is arousal?
Our levels of arousal and walking consciousness can vary wildly; can be anywhere from physically and mentally under stimulated to physically and mentally overstimulated. Arousal level one engage in tasks can be compared to stove burner temp; when we cook we must choose the appropriate temperature.
41
What are social motives?
Humans Are greatly affected by their social environments; raise as members of a society and learn what is important in that society
42
What is a high need for power?
Indicates that you were motivated to be in a position of leadership or to direct the actions of others
43
What is a need for affiliation?
In the case that you were motivated to create and maintain positive relationships with others and the need for achievement
44
How are motivation and emotion intricately involved
One influences the other
45
What is emotion?
The feeling an expression of emotion often identified as a central human characteristic; psychology Emotion is often discussed in reference to disorders like depression and anxiety
46
What are some nonverbal communications of emotion?
A majority of our communication is nonverbal, provides insight to our true feelings; facial expressions, gestures, body movement, tone of voice, eye contact, posture
47
What are meta-needs?
An expression of tendencies to fully develop your personal potentials
48
Examples of meta-needs
Wholeness, perfection, completion, justice, richness, simplicity, aliveness, beauty, goodness, uniqueness, playfulness, truth, autonomy, meaningfulness
49
What is the exact definition of emotion?
The state characterized by psychological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture and subjective feelings
50
What is adaptive behavior?
Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions
51
What are physiological changes?
Alterations and heart rate, blood pressure, preparation, and other involuntary responses
52
What is adrenaline?
The hormone produced by adrenaline glands that tend to arouse the body
53
Outward signs and emotion is occurring is what?
Emotional expression
54
Definition of emotional feelings?
Private, subjective experience of having an emotion
55
According to Robert Placek, the most basic and primary emotions are
Fear, surprise, sadness, discussed, anger, joy, anticipation, acceptance
56
What parts of the brain are involved in emotions?
Mood amygdala, Autonomic nervous system, Sympathetic branch, parasympathetic branch and parasympathetic rebound
57
(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)
| Function of mood amygdala
Part of the limbic system that produces fear responses; low intensity, long lasting emotional state
58
(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)
| Function of ANS
System of nerves that connect the brain with internal organ/glands; can cause physical issues
59
(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)
| Function of sympathetic branch
Part of the ANS that activates the body at times of stress
60
(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)
| Function of parasympathetic branch
Part of the ANS that quiets the body and conserves energy
61
(BRAIN INVOLVEMENT)
| Function of parasympathetic rebound
Excess activity in the peripheral nervous system following period Of intense emotion
62
What is the definition of Kinesics?
Study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures and facial expressions
63
What is the James-Lange Theory?
States that emotional feelings follower by arousal and come from awareness of such arousal
64
What is the Canned-Bard Theory?
States emotions occur when physical arousal is labelled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues
65
What is emotional attribution?
Mental process of assigning causes to events
66
What is facial feedback hypothesis?
States that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels
67
What is the definition of personality?
A persons unique in real relatively stable behaviour patterns
68
What is the definition of a persons character?
Personal characteristics that have been judged/evaluated; (un)desirable Qualities
69
What is the definition of a persons temperament?
The hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability and adaptability
70
Is a persons temperament hereditary or developed?
Hereditary
71
What are traits?
Stable, enduring quality that a person shows and most situations; typically inferred from behavior. Once identified, can be used to predict future behaviour
72
What are some examples of traits?
Sociable, orderly, intelligent, shy, sensitive, creative
73
At what age does persons personality begin to harden?
During the 20s
74
By what age is a persons personality usually stabilized?
By 30. With that being said most people continue to become more conscientious and agreeable as a mature
75
What is a personality type?
A style of personality define by a group of related traits
76
Who are propose the idea of extraverts and introverts?
carl jung
77
What is an extrovert?
A person who is attention as directions outward; a bold, outgoing person
78
What is an introvert?
A person whose attention is focussed N-word; a shy, reserved, self-centred person
79
What is self-concept?
A person’s perception of his/her own personality traits
80
What is self-esteem?
Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; positive evaluation of yourself. Tends to rise when experienced success or praise.
81
What are personality theories?
A system of concepts, assumptions, ideas and principles proposed to explain personality
82
What are the five major perspectives of personality theories?
Trait theories, psychodynamic theories, behaviouristic theories, social learning theories, and humanistic theories
83
Attempt to learn what traits make up personality in relation to behaviour is what type of major perspective:
Trait theories
84
What major perspective places importance on external environment and affects of conditioning and learning?
Behaviouristic theories
85
Focus on inner workings of personality; internal conflicts and struggle is the definition of what major perspective theory?
Psychodynamic theories
86
What personality theory demonstrate subjective experience and personal growth?
Humanistic theories
87
What personality theory attributes differences in personality to socialization, expectations and mental processes?
Social learning theory
88
What is a trait theorist?
A psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, interrelating traits to understanding personality
89
What are the different trait types? (7)
Common, individual, cardinal, Central, secondary, Surface, source
90
What are common traits?
Personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture
91
What are individual traits?
Personality traits of finding persons unique individual qualities
92
What are cardinal traits?
A personality trait so basic that all of a persons activities relate to it
93
What are central traits?
Core traits characterizing individuals personality
94
What are secondary traits?
Inconsistent are relatively superficial traits
95
What are surface traits?
Visible and observable traits of one’s personality
96
What are source traits?
Basic underlying traits of personality
97
What is included in the five factor model of traits?
Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, Openness to Experience
98
What is trait-situation interaction?
The influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits
99
What are behavioural genetics?
The study of inherited traits and tendencies
100
What is the psychoanalytic Theory?
Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts
101
According to freud, What are the three parts of structure of personality?
The ID, the ego, the super ego
102
When referring to structure of personality what is the ID?
Self-serving, irrational, impulsive, totally unconscious; operates on the pleasure principle
Made up of annate biological instincts and urges
Acts as well of energy for the entire psych called libido
103
When referring to structure of personality what is the ego?
System of thinking, planning, problem-solving and deciding; Conscious control of personality
Described as the executive because it direct energy supplied by ID, guided by reality principle, delays action until it is practical are appropriate
104
When referring to structure of personality what is the super ego?
Acts as judge or sensor for thoughts and actions of the ego; reflects actions for which a person has been punished
105
What is moral anxiety?
Threats of punishment caused by superego; ego defence mechanisms to lessen internal conflicts
106
What are the three levels of awareness?
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious
107
What is the conscious level of awareness?
Includes everything you were aware about the given moment; thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories
108
What is the preconscious level of awareness?
Contains material that can be easily brought to awareness
109
What is the unconscious level of awareness?
Cannot be easily brought to awareness; May feel guilty without knowing why
110
What are the psychosexual stages?
Oral, anal, phallic, genital, latency period
111
When referring to psychosexual stages what and who is involved in the oral stage?
During first year of life, most of infants pleasure comes from stimulation of mouth
Adult needs; gum chewing, nail biting, smoking
112
When referring to psychosexual stages what stage is described by the following
Between ages one and three, attention shifts to process of elimination
113
Difference between anal retentive and anal expulsive personality?
Anal retentive is holding in, expulsive is letting go
114
When referring to psychosexual stages the phallic stage is
Between ages three and six, increase sexual interest causes child to be physically attracted to parent of opposite sex; causes fight for attention
115
What is the latency period of psychosexual stages and ages?
From ages six to puberty; psychosexual development is dormant
116
What is the genital stage of psychosexual stages and when does it begin?
Begins at puberty; growing capacity for responsible social sexual relationships
Each area serves as main source of pleasure, frustration and self expression
117
When does the general psychosexual stage end?
With mature capacity for love, realization of full adult sexuality
118
What is the definition of compensation in relation to emotion?
Any attempt to overcome feelings of inadequacy or inferiority
119
What is basic anxiety?
Primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world
120
What is a persona?
The mask or public self presented to others
121
What is personal unconscious?
Mental store house for a single individuals unconscious thoughts
122
What is collective unconscious?
Mental store house for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans
123
What is archetype?
A universal idea, image, pattern, found in collective unconscious
124
What is anima? Animus?
An archetype representing the female and male principals
125
What is behavioural personality theory?
Any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behaviour
126
What is a learning theorist?
A psychologist interested in ways that learning shapes behaviour and explains Personality
127
What are situational determinants?
External conditions that strongly influence behaviour
128
What is a drive?
Any stimulus strong enough to goad a person to action
129
What is a cue?
External stimuli that guide responses; especially by signalling the presence or absence of reinforcement
130
What is reward?
Anything that produces pleasure and satisfaction; positive reinforcer
131
What is social learning theory?
An explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, effects of social relationships
132
What is psychological situation?
Situation as it is perceived interpreted by an individual, not as existed objectively
133
What is reinforcement value?
Subjective value a person attaches to a particular activity or reinforcer
134
Self efficacy is defined by the following
Belief in your capacity to produce a desired result
135
What is social reinforcement?
Praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others
136
What are critical situations?
Situation during childhood are capable of leaving a lasting impression on personality
137
What is humanism?
An approach that focusses on human experience, problems, potentials and ideals
138
Which theory rejects freudian view And the believes Choices made our product of who you are today and that we are bundles of moldable responses
Humanism theory
139
Carl rogers theory: emphasized human capacity for inner peace and happiness is what theory?
Humanism
140
What is the halo effect?
Tennessee to generalize a favourable or unfavourable first impression to unrelated details of personality
