Test 1

Question 1

_______ are the ______ of arguments

Answer 1

Propositions are the elements of arguments

Question 2

Arguments have….

Answer 2

propositions as elements and structures

Question 3

Why is having good reasons for your beliefs important?

Answer 3

1. Truth: more likely to be true
2. Survival: promote survival better
3. Stability: greater psychological stability
4. Responsibility: shows the characteristics of a person with good morality

Question 4

How do arguments relate to reasons of belief?

Answer 4

An argument may be understood as an expression of a reason for belief

Question 5

A good argument expresses a…

Answer 5

good reason for belief

Question 6

A bad argument expresses a…

Answer 6

bad reason for belief

Question 7

What does an argument consist of?

Answer 7

a conclusion and premises

Question 8

Propositions in an argument are called ______. What does it express?

Answer 8

Premises of an argument

Propositions
1. expresses the main thing you are being asked to believe
2. expresses the reason being given for believing it
and

Question 9

What can be true or false?

Answer 9

a proposition

Question 10

Atomic Proposition is…

Answer 10

a proposition that includes no other proposition as a constituent (element)

Question 11

What is the following an example of?

“The sun is shining.” “My shirt is black.”

Answer 11

An atomic proposition

Question 12

Molecular proposition is…

Answer 12

A proposition that includes at least one other proposition as a constituent (element)

Question 13

What is the following an example of?

“The sun is shining, and my shirt is black.”

Answer 13

Molecular proposition

Question 14

What are the four types of molecular propositions?

Answer 14

1. Conjunctive
2. Disjunctive
3. Conditional
4. Negative

Question 15

Conjunctive proposition…

Answer 15

p and q

Question 16

Disjunctive proposition…

Answer 16

p or q

Question 17

Conditional proposition…

Answer 17

p, q

Question 18

Negative proposition…

Answer 18

not p

Question 19

What is the following an example of?

“The sun is shining and my shirt is black.”

Answer 19

Conjunctive proposition

Question 20

What is the following an example of?

“Harry loves Jim or Chris does.”

Answer 20

Disjunctive proposition

Question 21

What is the following an example of?

“If Xian is going to the movies, I am too.”

Answer 21

Conditional Proposition

Question 22

What is the following an example of?

“Elizabeth II is not the US’s head of state.”

Answer 22

Negative proposition

Question 23

In a conditional proposition, what are the p and q called?

Answer 23

p = antecedent
q = consequent

Question 24

What is a logical operator?

Answer 24

A word in a molecular proposition that indicates the way in which the truth value of the proposition depends on the truth value of the constituent proposition.

Question 25

What are the 4 logical operators?

Answer 25

1. Conjunction: "and" 2. Disjunction: "or" 3. Implication: "if" 4. Negation: "not"

Question 26

p and q | true ... true

Answer 26

true

Question 27

p and q | true ... false

Answer 27

false

Question 28

p and q | false ... true

Answer 28

False

Question 29

p and q | false ... false

Answer 29

false

Question 30

p or q | true ... true

Answer 30

true

Question 31

p or q | true ... false

Answer 31

true

Question 32

p or q | false ... true

Answer 32

true

Question 33

p or q | false ... false

Answer 33

false

Question 34

if p q | ... true true

Answer 34

true

Question 35

if p q | ... true false

Answer 35

false

Question 36

if p q | ... false true

Answer 36

true

Question 37

if p q | ... false false

Answer 37

true

Question 38

not p | ... false

Answer 38

true

Question 39

not p | ... true

Answer 39

false

Question 40

The antecedent of a true conditional proposition is a ______ for its consequent

Answer 40

sufficient condition

Question 41

The consequent of a true conditional proposition is a _____ for it antecedent

Answer 41

necessary condition

Question 42

Where is the sufficient condition? | "If today is Monday, Dave will be having pasta."

Answer 42

"If today is Monday"

Question 43

Where is the necessary condition? | "If you passed the course, you wrote the final test."

Answer 43

"you wrote the final test"

Question 44

What are the other 4 ways a conditional proposition can be expressed?

Answer 44

1. q if p 2. p only if q 3. unless q, not p 4. in order for p, q

Question 45

What is a categorical proposition?

Answer 45

Can be translated into conditional propositions and asserts something about all members of a given category

Question 46

3 examples of categorical propositions...

Answer 46

1. All A's are B's = If something is A, it is B 2. Every A is a B = If something is A, it is B 3. No A's are B's = If something is A, it is not a B

Question 47

What are argument indicators?

Answer 47

words or phrases that typically signal the presence of premises or conclusions

Question 48

Argument indicators for premises

Answer 48

since, for, because, given that, after all

Question 49

Argument indicators for conclusions

Answer 49

So, therefore, thus, hence, it follows that, implies, entails

Question 50

What is the structure of an argument?

Answer 50

it is the way in which the argument's premises are intended to support its conclusion