Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What induces effector functions such as phagocytosis and degradation?

A

Inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heat, pain, and redness and swelling can best be described as:

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

inflammatory mediators impact what structure?

A

blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and worms are examples of?

A

microbial invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the enormous numbers of microorganisms that colonize body surfaces called?

A

commensal microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

these organisms colonize body surfaces but do not invade the body and do not normally cause disease:

A

commensals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

organism that causes disease:

A

pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cause disease every time it invades the body, even in small numbers (i.e. HIV, brucella abortus)

A

primary pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cause disease only when administered in high doses or influenced by exogenous factors (stress, other viruses)

A

opportunistic pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what pathogens are considered extracellular agents (in the tissue fluid)?

A

bacteria, parasites, some pathogenic proteins (allergens, toxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what pathogens rely on host machinery to replicate or are found in cells?

A

viruses, mycobacteria, some pathogen proteins (toxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True/False: no immune response is limited to a single biochemical mechanism or pathway

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the first layer of defense of the body?

A

physical/chemical barriers (ie. skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

immunity can be divided into two catagories:

A

innate and adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

t and B cell activation leads to which two outcomes?

A

immunologic memory or pathogen elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the signal transduction of innate immunity?

A

recognition of pathogens (PAMPs) and tissue damage (DAMPs)
inflammation
pathogen elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the signal transduction of adaptive immunity?

A

antigen capture and processing
t and B cell activation
immunologic memory/pathogen elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

innate immunity triggers what?

A

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Innate immune cells can be broken down into two subtypes:

A

cellular and humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the components of cellular immunity:

A

neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
lymphoid cells
basophils
eosinophils
cytokines/chemokine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the components of the humoral innate immunity:

A

complement system
acute-phase proteins
anti-microbial peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

adaptive immunity can be broken into two subtypes:

A

humoral response
cell-mediated response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

humoral response produces:

A

b lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cell-mediated response produces:

A

t lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what protein messenger molecules (intracellular communication) act on other cells or the cell that produced it
cytokines
26
what is secreted by immune cells and epithelial cells in response to PAMPs and DAMPs?
pro-inflammatory cytokines
27
what causes cells to migrate to sites of infection and are secreted by immune cells and other epithelial cells
chemokines
28
what interferes with replication of some viruses and is produced by virally infected cells?
interferons
29
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to the cells engaged:
innate immunity- macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells adaptive immunity- t and b cells
30
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their evolutionary history:
innate immunity: ancient adaptive immunity: recent
31
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their onset:
innate immunity: rapid (minutes to hours) adaptive immunity: slow (days to weeks)
32
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their specificity:
innate immunity: common microbial structures adaptive: unique antigens
33
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their potency:
innate: may be overwhelmed adaptive: rarely overwhelmed
34
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their memory:
innate: none adaptive: significant memory
35
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity in respect to their effectiveness:
innate immunity: does not improve adaptive immunity: improves with exposure
36
mammalian blood cells are also known as
hematopoetic cells
37
all cellular blood components are derived from:
the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
38
what cells are considered white blood cells?
monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils
39
what cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells (innate cells)?
neutrophils, basophils, esoinophils, monocytes, macrophages
40
what cells are derived from lymphoid progenitor cells?
t and b lymphocytes NK cells
41
where do mast cells arise from?
hematopoetic ștem cells via a unique pathway
42
where do dendritic cells arise from?
hematopoetic stem cells via multiple lineages
43
where do all immune cells originate?
bone marrow
44
what are the three lineages of immune cells?
1. erythroid 2. myeloid 3. lymphoid
45
what cells are considered erythroid?
RBCs and platelets
46
what cells are considered myeloid?
monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, some dendritic cells
47
what cells are considered lymphoid?
B cells, T cells, NK cells, some dendritic cells
48
what is the scientific term for white blood cells?
leukocytes
49
Granulocytes contain:
a multibodied nucleus many cytoplasmic granules
50
what do mononuclear cells contain?
single, rounded nucleus few cytoplasmic granules
51
what cells are considered granulocytes?
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
52
mononuclear cells can have two functions:
phagocytotic non-phagocytotic
53
what is a phagocytotic mononuclear cell?
monocyte
54
what is a non phagocytotic mononuclear cell?
lymphocytes- T, B cells, and NK cells
55
what is the function of primary lymphoid cells?
place of maturation of lymphocytes
56
what is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues?
lymphocytes respond to antigens
57
What are the mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
BALT, NALT, SALT, GALT
58
what is considered a primary lymphoid tissue for T- cells?
thymus
59
where do t lymphocytes go to mature?
thymus
60
T lymphocytes are release from the bone marrow as what?
pre-T cells
61
What is the primary lymphoid tissue for B cells?
Most mammals: bone marrow Birds: bursa of fabricus Dogs, pigs, ruminants: Peyer's patches (part of GALT)
62
in primary lymphoid tissue, the B cells develops at :
its receptor (BCR)
63
where are Peyer's patches located?
walls of the small intestine
64
Mature, naive B and T cells differentiate when they meet its antigen in what structures?
secondary lymphoid tissue
65
structures included in the secondary lymphoid tissues include:
lymph nodes, spleen, Peyers patches in the intestines
66
what is the spleen's function as a secondary lymphoid tissue?
traps blood-borne antigens
67
Where do mature T and B cells reside?
spleen
68
where does the blood circulation containing the antigen proceed into the spleen?
splenic artery
69
what is the function of the T and B cells in the spleen?
filter antigens from the blood
70
where does the maturation of granulocytes occur?
they are release in the mature state (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
71
where does the maturation of monocytes occur?
they are released in the mature state
72
what is the function of monocytes?
in blood circulation, they remove apoptotic cells and release cytokines
73
where do macrophages mature?
they differentiate in the tissues (powerful phagocytes)
74
where do the dendritic cells mature?
they migrate to tissues and mature
75
what is the function of dendritic cells?
they are key in initiation of adaptive immunity important sentinel cells and APCs
76
where do mast cells mature?
precursors leave the bone marrow and mature in tissues
77
what is the function of mast cells?
they are important in parasitic infections and allergies
78
what is the term for a mature neutrophil?
segmented
79
what is the term for an immature neutrophil?
banded
80
where does maturation of NK cells occur>
NK cells are released from the bone marrow ready to function
81
what is the function of NK cells?
they recognize and kill many virus-infected and tumor cells
82
what is GALT?
gut associated lymphoid tissues
83
what is MALT?
mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
84
what is NALT?
nasopharynx associated lymphoid tissues
85
what is BALT?
bronchi associated lymphoid tissues
86
what is SALT?
skin associated lymphoid tisses
87
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
returns fluid and protein that has leaked from the blood into the tissues back into the blood stream
88
what is the function of lymph nodes?
filter the returning lymph for foreign antigens
89
where does does the fluid that feeds into the right lymphatic duct originate?
the upper R quadrant of the body
90
where does the fluid from the right lymphatic duct empty into?
right subclavian vein
91
where does the fluid drained into the thoracic duct come from?
all other parts of the body (except the upper R quadrant)
92
where does the fluid in the thoracic duct empty into?
left subclavian vein
93
what is lymph fluid?
blood plasma
94
blood plasma that leaks through the capillaries and tissue eventually enters tiny vessels Called:
lymphatic capillaries
95
valves in the lymphatic capillaries ensure lymph and its contents move only which direction?
forward
96
lymphatic capillaries collect into larger lymphatic vessels which eventually connect with what structure?
secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes)

Immunology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions