TEST 1

Question 1

What are cognitive skills?

Answer 1

an individuals knowledge and mental abilities

Question 2

What are perceptual skills?

Answer 2

an individuals ability to recognize and discriminate among various sources of perceivable stimuli

Question 3

What are motor skills?

Answer 3

depends on an individuals quality of movement

Question 4

Humans learn…

Answer 4

motor skills

Question 5

Humans do not learn…

Answer 5

movements

Question 6

motor skills are evaluated by…

Answer 6

the outcome

Question 7

movements are evaluated…

Answer 7

by how they are produced

Question 8

Abilities are stable and enduring traits that have been…

Answer 8

genetically inherited or developed during growth

Question 9

Skills are…

Answer 9

learned, goal directed, entail a broad range of human behaviour

Question 10

motor skills are…

Answer 10

learned, goal directed, primarily achieved by musculature contributions to action

Question 11

The four characteristics of motor skills are…

Answer 11

motor equivalence, variability, modifiability, consistency

Question 12

what is motor equivalance?

Answer 12

using different movements, produced by the same of different parts of the body, to perform a task under different conditions

Question 13

what is motor modifiablity?

Answer 13

the ability to alter a movement pattern, even as it is being produced

Question 14

what is motor consistency?

Answer 14

reliability of producing the result/goal

Question 15

The performance of any motor skill is influenced by…

Answer 15

the individual, task, and environment

Question 16

what are the degrees of freedom defined as?

Answer 16

the number of individual components in a system and the number of ways each component can vary

Question 17

What are the three 1D classifications?

Answer 17

Size of the musculature (fine/gross), temporal predictability (discrete/continuous), stability of the environment (closed/open)

Question 18

the 2D classification system is based on two general characteristics…

Answer 18

the environmental context an individual performs the skill, the function of the action characterizing the skill

Question 19

what are regulatory conditions? (environmental context)

Answer 19

features of the environmental context to which movements must conform if they are to achieve the action goal

Question 20

what is intertrial variability? (environmental context)

Answer 20

whether the regulatory conditions during performance are the same or different from one attempt to perform the skill to another

Question 21

what is body orientation? (function of the action)

Answer 21

refers to whether the performance of the skill involves moving the body from one location to another

Question 22

what is object manipulation?

Answer 22

refers to maintaining or changing the position of an object

Question 23

what are performance outcome measures?

Answer 23

indicate the result of an action, may or may not be relative to a task goal

Question 24

what are performance production measures?

Answer 24

measures how systems in the body function during an action

Question 25

Constant error (CE) measures...

Answer 25

bias in responding

Question 26

Variable error (VE) measures...

Answer 26

inconsistency in responding

Question 27

Absolute error (AE) measures...

Answer 27

overall accuracy in responding

Question 28

RMSE is a measure of...

Answer 28

overall accuracy

Question 29

Reaction time is a measure of...

Answer 29

the time required to prepare and initiate a movement

Question 30

what is movement time?

Answer 30

the interval of time between the initiation and completion of a movement

Question 31

what is response time?

Answer 31

sum of reaction and movement time

Question 32

reaction time and movement time are...

Answer 32

relatively independent performance measures

Question 33

simple reaction time...

Answer 33

1 choice, 1 response

Question 34

choice reaction time...

Answer 34

2+ choices, each with a corresponding response

Question 35

Go/No-go reaction time...

Answer 35

2+ choices, only 1 response

Question 36

what is kinematics?

Answer 36

study and description of movement without considering the forces that cause the movement (position, displacement, speed, etc...)

Question 37

what is dynamics/kinetics?

Answer 37

the study and description of the casual processes that produce movement (force and torque)

Question 38

what is displacement?

Answer 38

the change in spatial position of a limb, joint, or object during a movement

Question 39

what is velocity?

Answer 39

rate of change in spatial position relative to time

Question 40

what is acceleration?

Answer 40

the change in velocity during a movement

Question 41

localization assumption...

Answer 41

if there is a neural mechanism that controls or produces some behavioural attribute, then that mechanism is localized to some specific region or structure

Question 42

fixed function assumption...

Answer 42

any neural structure or identifiable region that has a particular function (or set of functions) always performs this function (or set of functions) when it is active

Question 43

photoreceptors respond to...

Answer 43

light

Question 44

mechanoreceptors respond to...

Answer 44

mechanical energy

Question 45

chemoreceptors respond to...

Answer 45

certain chemical substances

Question 46

thermoreceptors respond to...

Answer 46

thermal energy

Question 47

exteroceptors

Answer 47

involve contact with the external environment

Question 48

interoceptors

Answer 48

respond to stimulation produced by processes inside the body

Question 49

proprioceptors

Answer 49

respond to mechanical stimulation

Question 50

exteroceptive afference is...

Answer 50

afferent signals generated by exteroceptors in response to the external stimulation

Question 51

proprioceptive afference is...

Answer 51

Afferent signals generated by somatosensory mechanoreceptors in response to internal stimulation

Question 52

kinesthesis is...

Answer 52

The perception of body position and movement

Question 53

individual sensory receptors carry 4 different kids of info about their stimulation...

Answer 53

strength, timing, type, location

Question 54

muscle spindle afferant endings are...

Answer 54

sensitive to muscle length and speed of muscle lengthening

Question 55

golgi tendon organs are...

Answer 55

muscle force sensors

Question 56

ventral stream...

Answer 56

what we normally think of as seeing (vision-for-perception)

Question 57

dorsal stream...

Answer 57

visual control of voluntary action (vision-for-action)

Question 58

brain damage can...

Answer 58

impair visuomotor skill but leave conscious vision intact, and vice versa

Question 59

Animals have 4 systems to bring images on the fovea...

Answer 59

saccadic (rapid shift gaze, conjugate), fixation (maintenance of gaze, variable), smooth pursuit system (laterally moving object, conjugate), vergence system (basically cross eyed)

Question 60

conjugate eye movement...

Answer 60

A coordinated movement of the two eyes in which both eyes move in the same direction at the same time through the same angle

Question 61

disconjugate eye movement...

Answer 61

a coordinated movement of the two eyes in which the eyes move in opposite direction at the same time through the same angle

Question 62

Vestibular and Cervical Reflex System

Answer 62

keeps an image steady during head jiggles, bobs, nods and rolls

Question 63

optokinetic reflex system...

Answer 63

keeps an image steady during steady sustained movements of the head

Question 64

foveal vision is...

Answer 64

high acuity

Question 65

peripheral vision has...

Answer 65

low acuity

Question 66

the retina contains photoreceptors, the rod and cone cells which contribute to...

Answer 66

rods (night vision), cones (photopic vision)

Question 67

a small region with no photoreceptors is called the...

Answer 67

optic disk and macula

Question 68

the fovea is a roughly circular depression in the centre of the...

Answer 68

macula