test 1

Question 1

scientific tools evolution provides

Answer 1

medicine; cell, developmental and molecular biology; conservation and management; agriculture and sustainability; forensic science

Question 2

3 foundational observations about life

Answer 2

1) all individuals are different; 2) some have higher reproductive success than others because of those differences; 3) individuals inherit their differences

Question 3

different jargon for all individuals are different

Answer 3

their phenotypes are different

Question 4

trait

Answer 4

anything about an individual that can be measured/observed; separated into categories

Question 5

different types of traits

Answer 5

polymorphic and continuous

Question 6

polymorphic trait

Answer 6

can sort individuals into easily categorized groups

Question 7

continuous trait

Answer 7

individuals vary along a spectrum of values; can’t categorize people easily into groups because of too much gray area

Question 8

how are clones different from each other?

Answer 8

same genotype but different phenotype

Question 9

phenotype:

Answer 9

the appearance of an organism for any and all its traits; absence of a trait

Question 10

traits and phenotypes

Answer 10

1) morphology/anatomy
2) physiology
3) behavior
4) life cycle
5) details of DNA/protein structure
6) gender diversity
7) bilateral gynandromorphs

Question 11

no individuals are the same because…

Answer 11

different traits, different behaviors, and different life cycles

Question 12

reproductive success

Answer 12

average number of (successful) offspring that a type of genetic variant has

Question 13

differences that lead to a higher reproductive success also lead to

Answer 13

leaving more descendants, reproducing at a young age, having more babies more often, and competing better

Question 14

locus (plural: loci)

Answer 14

a gene; named for “location” on a chromosome

Question 15

allele

Answer 15

variant of a single gene (unique DNA sequence)

Question 16

everyone shares a ______ but we all (might) have different _______

Answer 16

locus; allele

Question 17

genotype

Answer 17

a set of gene variants an individual carries

Question 18

genotype + all effects of the environment

Answer 18

phenotype

Question 19

phenotypes and genotypes are the same while…

Answer 19

reading DNA sequence

Question 20

female chromosomes

Answer 20

2 Xs and 2 gene copies

Question 21

male chromosomes

Answer 21

XY and 1 gene copy

Question 22

under these 3 conditions (after several gens) phenotypes with more _____ become _________

Answer 22

offspring; the most common

Question 23

differences tend to accumulate and more offspring will have it when…

Answer 23

they are in the same environment

Question 24

offspring maintain differences because of outside factors when…

Answer 24

they are in different environments

Question 25

accepting 3 conditions

Answer 25

"believing" in evolution by natural selection

Question 26

any of 3 conditions missing -->

Answer 26

no change in the next generation

Question 27

verify all 3 of the conditions -->

Answer 27

verify evolution by natural selection

Question 28

natural selection is impossible if...

Answer 28

data only supports 2 conditions

Question 29

T or F: evolution is impossible to prove/disprove because nobody was there to watch it happen

Answer 29

F; from past documentation/fossils/genetic trees, you can defer how evolution has happened and how life forms have changed over time

Question 30

2 different types of selection

Answer 30

natural and artificial

Question 31

darwin on the origin of species

Answer 31

populations change when humans decide --> selective breeding

Question 32

natural selection

Answer 32

when humans alter the environment and it doesn't work out the way they wanted it to

Question 33

artificial selection

Answer 33

when humans alter the environment and it works out the way they wanted it to

Question 34

microevolution

Answer 34

relatively minor, short-term evolutionary changes caused by 4 evolutionary mechanisms; usually not disputed

Question 35

4 evolutionary mechanisms

Answer 35

1) natural selection; 2) mutation; 3) genetic drift; 4) gene flow

Question 36

macroevolution

Answer 36

evolution of major differences between organisms

Question 37

what is undebatable about evolving from one thing to another?

Answer 37

every ancestral state has to be able to survive

Question 38

do ancestors have to be intermediate?

Answer 38

no

Question 39

microevolutionary events, over time, lead to ________

Answer 39

macroevolutionary change

Question 40

population

Answer 40

a group of organisms o the same species (more precisely: in the same "place" at the same "time" --> vague)

Question 41

frequency

Answer 41

how common/rare gene/allele is; in evolution, usually expressed as relative frequency

Question 42

how is relative frequency presented?

Answer 42

fraction or percentage

Question 43

rough-draft definition of (biological) evolution

Answer 43

change over generations in the makeup of organisms; never of individual organisms, but populations of organisms; an individual will not biologically evolve over their lifetime

Question 44

a more precise definition of biological evolution should:

Answer 44

apply to all 4 mechanisms of evolution, incorporate criterion #3 of natural selection (differences can be inherited), and give us measurable predictions

Question 45

evolution

Answer 45

change over generations in frequencies of genetic variants in populations (things that can be passed on)

Question 46

equation for fitness

Answer 46

reproductive success for variant of interest / reproductive success for most successful variant

Question 47

fitness

Answer 47

how well an individual can reproduce

Question 48

genetic drift

Answer 48

evolution by luck

Question 49

acting alone, ________ _________ results in populations that survive and reproduce best in their local environments

Answer 49

natural selection

Question 50

is there any way evolution can operate except by natural selection?

Answer 50

yes; genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation

Question 51

is there any way adaptation can occur except by natural selection?

Answer 51

no

Question 52

differential reproductive success

Answer 52

on average, some phenotypes leave more descendants than others