test 1 Flashcards
(65 cards)
1
Q
when the topic of violence in the family was seriously discussed in public in canada (1980s) it was often referred to as
A
wife battering
2
Q
the royal commission made __ recommendations for women’s equality
A
- 167
- none addressed violence against women
3
Q
by 1973 there was no
A
rape crisis centres, no transition houses, no women’s centres anywhere
- burst into existing in the next 5 years
4
Q
in 2011 the United Nations launched an inquiry
A
into the murders and disappearances of aboriginal women and girls across Canada
5
Q
it was reported in1970 that
A
2,000 Canadian women died each year from botched illegal abortions
- the abortion Caravan sparked a two-decade long struggle for abortion rights in Canada –women who were traveling around canada fighting for women rights over their own bodies
6
Q
Dr. Morgentaler
A
performed over 5000 abortions despite the laws
- he was arrested, went to jail, was threatened on many occasions, the clinics were attacked, women defending the clinics were attacked, doctors were killed
7
Q
except for Quebec, Ontario and BC, there are less than __ abortion providers in each province or territory
A
5
- PEI has no abortion services
8
Q
Canadas first and only national childcare program lasted
A
36 months
-1942-1945
9
Q
the gender pay gap refers to
A
the difference in average earnings of people based on gender
- worse for those who face multiple barriers, including radicalized women, indigenous women, and women with disabilities.
- gap starts from a young age and carries into the senior years
10
Q
according to the OCED (2022) for full-time employees, there is a
A
16.1% difference between annual median earnings of women and men relative to the annual median earnings of men
11
Q
in the ranking of countries, canada has the ___ worst gender pay gap
A
8th
12
Q
why is ending the gender pay gap so urgent
A
- Its one of the root causes of gendered poverty. Women are more vulnerable to low income than men in Canada, partially due to the gender pay gap
- It impacts all life stages. Girls 12 to 18 experience a summer job gender pay gap of almost $3.00 per hour.
o Women post-secondary students leave school with student loans to pay and lesser means to do so
o Contributes to a gendered pension gap of 22% where women retire with only about 80% of the pension men retire with - It has implications on a global scale. When it comes to the gender gap in overall economic participation and opportunity.
o Canada ranks only 40 in the World Economic Forum’s (out of 156)
`
13
Q
- The gender pay gap for full-time and part-time employees is
A
0.89 which means women make 89cents of every dollar men make
o For full time – 0.90
14
Q
- As of 2019, the gender pay gap for annual wages, salaries and commissions is
A
0.71
o Women make 71% of what men make
15
Q
More men __% are employed full-time than women __%
A
87% /// 75.6%
16
Q
only __% of men are employed part-time, and __% of women are employed part time
A
13% of men and 24.4% of women
17
Q
women work part time for several reasons
A
- lack of affordable childcare and family leave policies
- along with social pressure to carry the bulk of domestic responsibilities
18
Q
men are well represented in
A
higher-paid sectors and jobs compared to women
- 64% of management jobs are occupied by men / compared to 35.6% women
19
Q
women are concentrated in underpaid, precarious occupations involving the 5 “C’s”
A
- caring
- clerical
- catering
- cashiering\
- cleaning
- many women working in these sectors are radicalized, immigrant, migrant and/or undocumented
- traditional “women’s work” tends to pay less than traditional “mens work”
- jobs seen as women work can be undervalued because they parallel domestic work women are expected to do for free
20
Q
What’s the motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus?
A
- Mothers with at least one child under age 18 earned 85 cents for every $1 earned by fathers
- A 2019 report found that the motherhood earnings gap persists for at least five years after women return to work following the birth of a child
- Fathers may receive higher salaries than childless men
- The reality that women earn less after becoming parents is connected to job shifts for positions with more family-friendly hours and policies.
21
Q
the pandemic circumstances intensify inequalities related to
A
gender, and other factors such as economic status, race, culture, language, and other intersecting elements of our identities.
22
Q
How do pandemics impact diverse women differently than men?
A
- According to the public health agency of Canada, more women have been diagnosed with COVID-19 than men and more women have died as a result
o Could be due to higher number of women living in a nursing homes and seniors residences
o Could also be due to factors such as the high ratio of women who work on the front lines of health services, caregiving, cleaning and other essential roles where workers are at higher risk of contracting the virus
23
Q
- When it comes to the isolation measures imposed to prevent the spread of the virus four key gendered impacts for women are:
A
- Increased risk of gender-based violence
- More economic stress
- Increased burden of caregiving and housework
- Reduced access to support services
24
Q
Why is the covid-19 pandemic linked to increased gender-based violence
A
- The Ontario association of interval and transition houses, for example, says 20% of the 70 shelters it represents have had increased crisis calls during the pandemic
- Some police services are also noticing more domestic violence reports
o 1 in 10 women is very or extremely concerned about the possibility of violence in the home - Rates of gender-based violence were high in Canada, even before the pandemic: on average, every six days, a woman is killed by her intimate partner
- Thousands of women, girls, and trans and non-binary people now face a heightened risk of violence at home with COVID-19 isolation measures, whether it takes the form of emotional, physical or sexual abuse
- Quarantines and social isolation mean that abusers and those they harm are in close proximity around the clock and other people aren’t around to see the signs of violence to intervene
25
- The three industries with the highest ratio of women vs. men in Canada are
health care and social assistance (82.4%), educational services (69.3%), and accommodation and food services (58.5%)
26
How will the COVID-19 pandemic impact women economically in canada?
- Women accounted for 63% of the 1 million jobs lost as of March 2020, and 70% of losses by workers aged 25 to 54
- As stores have closed or reduced hours, there have been cutbacks for retail workers, many of whom are also women.
o Women make up the majority of minimum wage workers and part-time workers
- Poverty in Canada is already gendered. women make up 60% of those in Canada who are “economically struggling”
o Report difficulty covering basic expenses and may need pay day loans or food banks to get by
27
Gendered Impacts of Coronavirus
1. More caregiving and house work
o Women in Canada carry more unpaid housework and caregiving responsibilities that men, including child and elder care.
o Responsibilities like cleaning and food preparation – these needs will only intensify with COVID-19
2. More economic stress
o Gendered poverty and the gender wage gap combine to make matters worse for those who face discrimination beyond gender, including racialized women, indigenous women, and women with disabilities
3. More gender-based violence
o Theres powerful research on how disaster situations often lead to increased gender-based violence
4. Less acceptance to support services
o If these shelters are forced to close or scale back, women seeking their life-saving assistance may have to stay in dangerous situations at home
28
Three central concepts in feminist theories
oppression, power and privilege
29
- Categories of difference=
race, class, gender and sexuality
30
- The idea of equality is based in theories of
liberalism
31
- The root of the word ‘oppression’ is the element of ‘press’
o The press of the crowd; pressed into military service; to press a pair of pants; printing press; press the button
o Presses are used to mold things or flatten them or reduce them in bulk.
o Mold, immobilizes, reduce
32
- To analyze race, class, gender, and sexuality, it is necessary to
characterize what we mean by the terms.
o Terms are often contested and often obscured
33
- Race, class, gender and sexuality are
social systems, patterns of social relationships among people that are:
o Complex: intricated and interconnected
o Pervasive: widespread throughout all societal domains
o Variable: changing, always transforming
o Persistent: prevailing over time and across
o Severe: serious in their consequences for social life
o Power based: hierarchical, stratified (Ranked), centered in power-benefiting and providing options and resources for some by harming and restricting options and resources or others
34
- Oppression exists when one group has
historically gained power and control over valued assets of a society (wealth, information and political power)
35
- Exploitation is a power relationship resulting from
and reinforcing the unequal distribution of productive assets in society.
36
- Social location refers to an
individual’s or a group’s social “place” in the race, class, gender and sexuality hierarchies, as well as in other critical social hierarchies such as age, ethnicity and nation
37
The role of gender in our lives: we live in a gendered world.
- As children grow up, they are socialized by their culture- and most cultures teach children about gender norms and how those norms are enforced.
38
Putting my man face on reading
- A grounded theory of college men’s gender identity development
- Gender, like race, class and sexual orientation, is socially constructed.
39
- The traditional definition of masculinity refers to the dominant culture’s normative definition of masculinity.
o Reinforced by and reinforces misogyny and homophobia
o Men who do not fit the traditional hegemonic definition of masculinity because of their race, class, sexual orientation, religion, age, or ability are often marginalized as a result, as are the various versions of masculinities that these cultures and social groups develop
40
- A traditional hegemonic conception of masculinity fosters a
patriarchal social system, including how individual men’s identity perpetuates, contributes to, and reinforces patriarchy
41
- This rigid male gender role has fostered what kindlon and Thompson called
called “emotional illiteracy” and a culture of cruelty among young boys
o Teenage boys who are more closely agreed with traditional gender roles for men were more likely to “drink beet, smoke pot, have unprotected sex, get suspended from school and ‘trick’ or force someone into having sex
42
- Putting on a mask covered
aspects of their true selves that did not meet societys expectations and presented to society an image that did fit the expectations
43
- Gender differences are primarily attirubted to
socialization, including how we are socialized in relation to what our bodies do
44
What does intersex mean
- Sometime external genitalia alone don’t provide a clear-cut answer to the boy-or-girl question at birth. In these instances, a baby might be intersex
o The word intersex describes “ a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit the typical definitions of female or male
Estimated approx. 1.7 percent of the general population is intersex
45
o The phrase ambiguous genitalia is commonly used when
refering to intersex people or conditions, but it’s a misnormer because not all biological variations under the intersex umbrella involve genitalia.
o Operations aimed at “normalizing” these differences include clitoral reduction surgeries- procedures that cut and remove sensitive, erectile tissue in order to reduce the size of the clitoris for cosmetic reasons.
46
- Sociologists of gender describe the process of teaching
babies how to be the gender associated with their assigned sex as a process of socialization
47
- Some would say that, because adults aren’t always aware that we treat boys and girls- or babies
presumed to be on their way to boyhood or girlhood- differently, differences between boys and girls must be “natural
48
- Reparative therapy is defined as any treatment
led by a psychological or medical professional with the intent to deter someone (often a child) from being transgender or non-heterosexual
o Often transgender adults, some of whom survived their own experiences with this “therapy”, have led efforts to ban reparative therapy.
49
Defining pslycystic ovary syndrome
- A syndrome, or a cluster of symptoms that often co-occur.
- The mayo clinic’s website suggests that a PCOS diagnosis is appropriate if a person has at least two of the following: irregular periods; excess androgen hormone (signs include “excess facial and body hair”, acne and male-pattern baldness)
o Polycystic ovaries, or ovaries that are “enlarged contain follicles that surround the eggs. As a result, the ovaries might fail to function regularly”
50
Gender requires our verbal participation
- Verbal participation includes how we react when someone steps outside of our gendered expectations
51
- Ways to participate verbally in the process of gender: different forms
o It can look like skepticism: talking about something that happening in your life and someone reacts like they don’t believe its happening to you, or don’t know why you would feel the way you do about it
o It can look like an exaggerated emotional response: when someone reacts to your statement like youre talking about a tragic death. Lets you know that whatever you said sounds horrible to them
o It can also look like sharing advice or a story: you tell someone about your persistent infertility and they tell you about their past issues that were resolved and that you should try it
o It can also look like silence: when you talk about what youre going through to someone and make yourself vulnerable, but they say little in return, quietly nod and smile or change the subject altogether
52
- In new France, colonial women set up the firsT
first schools and hospitals, and were among the colony’s first administrators
53
- Black women led efforts to help fleeing slaves settle in
Canada and were also among the first publishers of abolitionists (anti-slavery) newspapers in Canada west (now Ontario)
54
- The first female physicians in Canada trained with
the intention of providing medical care to women, children and the underprivileged; they often provide medical care at no cost.
o Women first had to fight to force Canadian universities to accept female medical studemts. Male students revolted when women were first admitted, and early female students were harassed
55
he first recorded resistance of women in Canada took place in the early
colonial beginning of new France. In decemeber 1757, montreal women marched to the residence of governor pierre de Rigaud de vaudreuil to protest his decision to end the distribution of bread during the seven year war.
o Quebec women later succeeded after a second protest involving four hundred women took place in 1759
56
- Women took to the street to protest wartime bread rations and to demand price controls to control wartime inflation during the French Revolution.
o A woman in France named Olympe de Gouges published the first women’s right treaties in 1791
Her first declaration called for full equal rights for women under law, within marriage and in society at large, including the right to vote and to serve as legislators and magistrates.
Her manifesto followed the adoption of the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen by france’s national constituent assembly.
* The French national assembly responded by banning womens clubs
* A report of her execution in a French journal stated: the law has punished this conspirator for having forgotten the virtues that belong to her sex”
57
- The idea that women should not step outside their
their prescribed role as subordinates was not unique to France or new France.
o In british women’s salons, reformers called bluestockings advanced the idea that women were men’s moral and intellectual equals
Bluestocking societys were made up of women (and some men) of the middle classes
58
- At the same time that Olympe de Gouges was protesting with the society of revolutionary republican women in France
mary Wollstonecraft was writing a vindication of the rights of woman, published in 1792
59
- In the later 1800s, American suffragist and abolitionist
susan B Anthony was regularly referred to as a “man hater”
60
- Many male trade unionists believed that women’s efforts to improve
pay for female factory workers undermined male workers entitlement to a “family wage”
61
- The counter-attacks resurfaced
50 years later during the women’s liberation era. It started when feminists in Atlantic city, new jersey, held a protest at the 1968 miss America beauty pageant.
o Protest aimed to challenge the narrow beauty standards that contributed to the subordination of women as sex objects.
62
- Following the first international women’s conference in
in paris in 1892, the term feminist, from the French word feministe, began to be used in English to refer to the advocacy of equal rights for women
63
- More than a 100 years ago, while still prohibited from voting or
running for political office, women gained a political voice through farm, labour, temperance and womens benevolent clubs.
64
- The views of clan mothers commonly held
sway and women’s roles were often complementary of those of men.
- Aboriginal people had a well established system of governance and a complex social structure.. the pre-contact aboriginal social structure was for the most part matrilineal
- Anishinaabe women “had authority and power within our societies that was equal to that of men”
o It was common for women in many First Nations to perform social rites as well as religious or spiritual beliefs were not traditionally used to keep women subordinate as they were in Christian societies.
65
- Aboriginal women were actively involved in the trade between aboriginal trappers and European traders that grew in the 17th century.
- Aboriginal women often accompanied men on animal hunting expeditions; they cleaned pelts and prepared them for market.
o Also participated in the fur trade as guides, interpreters, cooks, canopy builders and clothing makers
