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Computer Science > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

bit

A

binary digit w/a value of 0 or 1

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2
Q

byte

A

group of 8 bits (equivalent to one character)

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3
Q

kilobyte (KB)

A

1024 bytes, rounded down to 1000 bytes

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4
Q

megabyte (MB)

A

1 million bytes

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5
Q

gigaByte

A

1 Billion bytes

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6
Q

terabyte

A

1 trillion bytes, 1000 GB

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7
Q

petabyte

A

1 quadrillion bytes

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8
Q

exabyte

A

1 quintillion

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9
Q

RAM

A

random access memory, temporary storage, volatile memory

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10
Q

ROM

A

read only memory, permanent storage, non-volatile memory, contains programs/instructions

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11
Q

CPU

A

central processing unit, microprocessor, brain/engine of computer
Ex. Intel, AMD, TSMC

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12
Q

hardware

A

physical parts of a computer

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13
Q

software

A

instructions (programs) that tell the hardware what to do

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14
Q

algorithm

A

a finite sequence of computer implementable instructions to solve a class of problems/perform a computation

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15
Q

pixel

A

picture element

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16
Q

resolution

A

of pixels horizontally/vertically

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17
Q

cache

A

high speed storage memory

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18
Q

memory caching

A

run a program the first time, close it, run it the second time, it opens faster

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19
Q

disk caching

A

using links within a website, takes less time to go back to main website after navigating from inner link

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20
Q

operating system (OS)

A

software that supports a computer’s basic functions

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21
Q

input devices

A

keyboard, mouse, microphone, touch screen

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22
Q

output devices

A

headphones, speakers, monitors, printers

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23
Q

linux

A

good OS to know, makes you stand out

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24
Q

hackintosh

A

putting an apple OS into another machine

25
Q

ssd

A

solid state drive

26
Q

basic computer specs

A

cpu (central processing unit intel, m1, etc), RAM, hard drive

27
Q

what does 0 mean in binary

A

off

28
Q

what does 1 mean in binary

A

on

29
Q

data compression

A

reduction in the amount of space needed to store a piece of data or the bandwidth to transmit it

30
Q

lossless

A

data can be retrieved without loss of original info

31
Q

lossy

A

some info may be lost, quality decreases

32
Q

compression ratio

A

size of compressed data divided by size of original data

33
Q

analog

A

data represented in a physical way, signal continually fluctuates in voltage (up and down)

34
Q

ASCII

A

american standard code for info interchange, 128 unique characters, 7 bits per character

35
Q

UNIcode mapping

A

corresponds with ASCII, used for foreign languages requiring other characters

36
Q

lossless text compression techniques (3 types of encoding)

A

keyword encoding, run-length encoding, huffman encoding

37
Q

KEYword encoding

A

compresses common words into single characters
Ex. “the” becomes “-“

38
Q

compression ratio

A

the total number of original characters divided by the number of characters after it is compressed

39
Q

why is data compression important?

A

saves storage space (RAM), was more important in the past when vast amounts of storage were not availible

40
Q

RRun-length encoding

A

replaces repeated values with a flag (*)
Ex. bbbbbbbb would become *b8
these three characters take up less space than storing 8 “b’s”

41
Q

would you compress “jjj”

A

no, because the compressed version would take up the same amount of characters as the uncompressed version
“*j3” “jjj”

42
Q

huffman encoding

A

using shorter bits for more common letters like “a” and using longer bits for uncommon letters like “x”
a= 00
x= 1011

43
Q

digital signal

A

has only a high or low state, corresponding to the 2 binary digits

44
Q

electronic signals

A

all signals degrade as they move down a line

45
Q

stereo

A

electrical signal sent to each speaker (left and right)

46
Q

a signal is digitized by…

A

sampling (periodically measuring the voltage), quantization (represent the voltage as a number using a finite number of bits)

47
Q

what are some examples of audio formats

A

WAV, AU, AIFF, MP3

48
Q

color pallette

A

colors supported by a monitor (red, green, blue)

49
Q

raster graphics

A

treat image as collection of pixels (GIF, PNG, JPEG)

50
Q

vector graphics

A

treat image as collection of lines and geometric objects (flash, SVG)
images can be scaled big or small without losing quality, good for line art

51
Q

BMP

A

bitmap, suited for compression by run-length encoding

52
Q

GIF

A

graphics interchanged format, pallette of 256 colors, each pixel requires 8 or fewer bits

53
Q

PNG

A

portable network graphics, greater compression w/wide range of color depths

54
Q

JPEG

A

joint photographic experts group, averages hue over short distances, adjustable degree of compression

55
Q

metadata

A

data about data, date and time image was created, size/resolution of image, location photo was taken, etc.

56
Q

codec

A

COmpressor DECompressor, methods to shrink the size of a video to allow it to be played on a computer or over a network

57
Q

if most of an image in 2 frames has not changed, why waste space duplicating it?

A

temporal compression

58
Q

spatial compression

A

removing repetitive info within a frame

Computer Science (3 decks)

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