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Microbiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

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2
Q

16S rRNA Genes

A

Used to create 3 domain classification, small ribosomal subunit

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3
Q

Microbiologists study…

A

Cellular, ie fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea

Acellular, ie viruses, viroids, virusoids, prions

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4
Q

We will study…

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids, Prions

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5
Q

Microbiology prompted creation of…

A

immunology

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6
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

A

First person to observe and describe microO accurately, aided in development of microscope

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7
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter, popular up to 1600s

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8
Q

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

A

disproved spontaneous generation for large animals, maggots on decaying meats from fly eggs

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9
Q

John Needham (1713-1781)

A

mutton broth -> boiled -> sealed = microO

concluded -> “vital force”

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10
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

A

broth -> sealed -> boiled = no microO
concluded -> air carries germs
BUT maybe air supports life

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11
Q

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

A

Nutrient soln in flasks w/ curved necks -> boiled -> exposed to air
Disproved spontaneous generation

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12
Q

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

A

dust carries microO, sterile broth -> one neck of flask broken, other not -> broken neck growth occurs

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13
Q

Microbes causative in disease?

A

diverse evidence:
1) Agostini Bassi (1773-1856)
• disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus
2) M. J. Berkeley (ca. 1845)
• Great Potato Blight of Ireland caused by a fungus
3) Heinrich de Bary (1853)
• smut and rust fungi => cereal crop diseases
4) Louis Pasteur
• silkworm disease caused by a protozoan

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14
Q

Joesph Lister (1827-1912)

A

indirect evidence for microO cause of disease, antiseptic surgical techniques, heat sterilization/phenol lessen # infections

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15
Q

Thomas Eakins

A

Gross Clinic Painting

Agnew Clinic

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16
Q

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

A

est. relationship between B. anthracis and anthrax; used criteria developed by Jacob Henle:
injected healthy w/ material from sick
sick spleen into culture
spores into healthy mice

Now known as Koch’s Postulates

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17
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

To prove a causal relationship between microorg. & disease:

  1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
  2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
  3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
  4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host
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18
Q

Koch’s work led to…

A

agar, petri dish, nutrient broth and agar, methods for isolating microO

Increased understanding of pathogens

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19
Q

Edward Jenner (~1798)

A

vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox, preceded work est. role of microO in disease

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20
Q

Pasteur and Roux

A

incubation of cultures for long intervals, pathogens lost ability to cause disease “attenuated”
Transfer to healthy host protection against infection

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21
Q

Pasteur and coworkers

A

vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

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22
Q

Emil von Behring (1854-1917) and Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852-1931)

A

Inactivated diphtheria toxin into rabbits, produced transferable antitoxin
developed antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus
evidence for immunity from “soluble substances” in blood (humoral immunity)

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23
Q

Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916)

A

discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood, (cellular immunity)

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24
Q

Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) and Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)

A

pioneered use of enrichment cultures, selective media
soil microO
numerous interesting metabolic processes

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25
Q

Microbiology as a basic science…

A

basic biology of microO

understanding microO improved understanding of other Os

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26
Q

Microbiology as an applied science…

A

medical microbio, immunology, food and dairy microbio, pub health microbio, industrial microbio, agricultural microbio

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27
Q

Future of Micriobiology…

A

new and old infectious diseases, industrial processes, diversity and ecology, biofilms, genome analysis, microbes as model systems

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28
Q

Magnification

A

increases apparent size of specimen, calculated by multiplying magnification factors of lenses

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29
Q

Resolution

A

minimum distance that two objects can be separated from one another, and still be recognized as distinct objects rather than 1 larger “fuzzy” object

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30
Q

Increasing Resolution

A

oil: higher refractive index than air
decreasing illumination wavelength
focusing illumination light (condenser)

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31
Q

Illumination: Brightfield

A

Method of lighting the specimen from opposite the objective
appears dark against a light background
common method
usually need staining

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32
Q

Illumination: Darkfield

A

illuminationof the specimen w/o projecting light directly into the objective
used to examine specimens which cannot be distinguished from the background
unstained, living

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33
Q

Fixation

A

preservation of internal and external structures
organism is killed and firmly attached to microscope slide
heat fixing and chemical fixing

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34
Q

Heat fixing

A

preserves overall morphology (not internal structures)

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35
Q

Chemical fixing

A

protects fine cellular substructure and morphology of larger, more delicate organisms

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36
Q

Dyes

A

make cell structures more visible
increased contrast w/ background
chromophore groups + ability to bind cells

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37
Q

Basic dyes

A

positively charged

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38
Q

Acidic dyes

A

negatively charged

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39
Q

simple staining

A

single staining agent
frequently basic dyes
crystal violet; methylene blue

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40
Q

Differential stains

A

divides microO into groups based on their staining properties
gram stain
acid-fast
staining of specific structures

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41
Q

Gram Staining

A 
most widely used
Gm+, Gm-
primary stain, crystal violet
mordant, gram's iodine
decolorization, etoh
counterstain, safranin
Gm+ Purple
GM- Pink
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42
Q

Acid Fast staining

A

staining for members of genus Mycobacterium
M. tuberculosis
M. leprae
high lipid content in cell walls

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43
Q

Negative Staining

A

visualize capsules, colorless against a stained background

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44
Q

Spore Staining

A

Double staining technique

bacterial endospore vs vegetative cell

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45
Q

Flagellar Staining

A

Mordant to increase thickness

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46
Q

Phase-contrast light microscopy

A

visualizing living cells

no stain

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47
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A

Much like brightfield, electron stream opposite to specimen

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48
Q

Scanning electron microscopy

A

More like darkfield, visualize outside of specimen

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49
Q

cocci (s., coccus)

A

Spheres

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50
Q

diplococci (s., diplococcus)

A

Pairs

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51
Q

streptococci

A

Chains of spheres

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52
Q

staphylococci

A

grape-like clusters of spheres

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53
Q

tetrads

A

4 cocci in a square

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54
Q

sarcinae

A

cubic configuration of 8 cocci

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55
Q

bacilli (s., bacillus)

A

rods

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56
Q

coccobacilli

A

very short rods

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57
Q

vibrios

A

“comma” shaped

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58
Q

spirilla (s., spirillum)

A

rigid helices

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59
Q

spirochetes

A

flexible helices

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60
Q

filamentous

A

form hyphae

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61
Q

mycelium

A

branched hyphae

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62
Q

unusual shapes

A

archaea

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63
Q

Bacterial cell envelope

A

plasma membrane + surrounding layers

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64
Q

Bacterial plasma membrane

A 
separation of cell from its environment
selectively permeable
crucial metabolic processes - respiration, lipid synthesis, (some) photosynthesis
membrane receptors
ex. phosphatidylenthanolamine + hopanol
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65
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A 
shape
protection
may contribute to pathogenicity
may protect from toxic substances
Peptidoglycan aka murein
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66
Q

Periplasmic space

A

gap between plasma membrane and cell wall in Gm+ or between plasma membrane and OM in Gm-
periplasmic + exoenzymes

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67
Q

Periplasmic enzymes

A 
periplasm of Gm-
nutrient aquisition
electron transport
peptidoglycan synthesis
modification of toxic compounds
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68
Q

Exoenzymes

A

secreted by Gm+ bacteria

similar functions to periplasmic enzymes

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69
Q

Cell Wall and osmotic protection

A

osmotic lysis - hypertonic solns, cell wall protects

plasmolysis - hypertonic solns, cell wall can’t protect

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70
Q

Bacterial cell wall and Gram staining

A

thought to involve constriction of the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram positive cells

Thinner peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria does not prevent loss of crystal violet

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71
Q

Bacterial cell wall structure: peptidoglycan

A

polysaccharide formed from peptidoglycan subunits
backbone: alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
most Gm- walls z shaped bridge
most Gm+ walls pentaglycine bridge
Helical cross linking for strength

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72
Q

Gram-positive cell envelope

A

No OM
Cell wall primarily peptidoglycan may also contain teichoic acids
lipoteichoic acid anchors to PM
Some Gm+ bacteria has layer of proteins on surface of peptidoglycan

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73
Q

Gram-negative cell envelope

A

OM: lipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) no teichoic acids
cell wall: thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by OM

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74
Q

Gm- cell envelope: Braun’s lipoproteins

A

connect OM w/ peptidoglycan

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75
Q

Gm- cell envelope: adhesion sites

A

direct contact between plasma membrane and OM, may allow direct movement of material into cell

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76
Q

Gm- cell envelope: lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

O antigen: protection from host defenses, immunogenic
core polysaccharide: contributes to negative charge on cell surface
lipid A: helps stabilize OM structure, can act as an exotoxin

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77
Q

exotoxin

A

pathogenic when released, by death or cleavage

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78
Q

endotoxin

A

intact bacteria is pathogenic

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79
Q

Gm- cell envelope: OM

A

protective membrane
more permeable than plasma membrane
presence of porins and transporters

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80
Q

Layers outside the cell wall

A 
Typically pathogenic have these
Capsules, Slime Layers, S-layers
protection from host defenses
protection from harsh environmental conditions
attachment to surfaces
protection from viral infection or predation by bacteria
protection from chemicals in environment
motility
protection against osmotic stress
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81
Q

Capsules

A

usually polysaccharides
well organized; not easily removed
resist phagocytosis

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82
Q

Slime layers

A

polysaccharides

diffuse, unorganized; easily removed

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83
Q

S-layers

A

structured layers of protein or glycoprotein

common in Archaea

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84
Q

glycocalyx

A

eukaryotes
polysaccharide network
like capsule/slime layer

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85
Q

Archaeal cell envelope

A

different from bacterial both molecularly and organizationally
methanochondroitin = cell wall like
pseudomurein

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86
Q

Archaeal Plasma membrane

A

composed of unique lipids
some have monolayer
some bilayer

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87
Q

Archaeal Cell Wall

A

Gm stain not useful

lack peptidoglycan

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88
Q

The cytoplasmic matrix

A

substance between membrane and nucleoid
packed with ribosomes and inclusion bodies
highly organized; cytoskeleton-like organization/function

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89
Q

Bacterial cytoskeleton

A

homologs of eukaryotic cytoskeleton components have been identified.

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90
Q

Tubulin homologs

A

FtsZ - cell division

BtubA/BtubB - unknown

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91
Q

Actin homologs

A

FtsA - cell division
MamK - positioning magnetosomes
MreB/Mbl - maintains cell shape, segregates chromosomes, localizes proteins

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92
Q

Intermediate Filament homologs

A

CreS (crescentin) - induces curvature in curved rods

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93
Q

Unique bacterial cytoskeletal proteins

A

MinD

ParA

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94
Q

Bacterial intracytoplasmic membranes

A

plasma membrane infoldings

anammoxosome

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95
Q

plasma membrane in-foldings

A

found in many photosynthetic bacteria, and bacteria with high respiratory activity

may be aggregates of spherical vesicles, flattened vesicles, tubular membranes

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96
Q

anammoxosome

A

membrane-bound organelle
anaerobic ammonia oxidation
unique to Planctomycetes

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97
Q

inclusion

A

aggregation of organic or inorganic material
storage inclusions
microcompartments
other inclusions

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98
Q

Storage Inclusions: Carbon

A

glycogen inclusions

poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate inclusions

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99
Q

Storage Inclusions: phosphate

A

polyphosphate granules

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100
Q

Storage Inclusions: sulfur

A

sulfur globules

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101
Q

Storage inclusions: nitrogen

A

Cyanophycin granules
cyanobacteria
large polypeptides not from ribosomes, equal quantities of arg and asp

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102
Q

Microcompartments: carboxysomes

A

function other than metabolic stockpile
cyanobacteria, CO2 fixing
Concentration of CO2; enzyme localization
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) fixes carbon in calvin cycle

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103
Q

Other inclusions: gas vacuoles

A

some aquatic prokaryotes
provides buoyancy
aggregates of gas vesicles
hollow cylindrical structures

104
Q

Other inclusions: magnetosomes

A

contain iron

used to orient cells in magnetic fields

105
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

A 
complexes of protein and RNA
sites of protein synthesis
associated w/ plasma membrane - secrete
matrix ribosomes - internal
smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
70S = large 50s + small 30s
106
Q

Nucleoid

A

aka nuclear body, chromatin body, nuclear region
~60% DNA 30% RNA 10% Protein
location of chromosome, usually 1/cell often circular
nucleoid proteins probably aid in folding, differ from histones

107
Q

Plasmids

A

usually small, closed circular DNA
extrachromosomal
not required for growth and reproduction
can be laterally transferred

108
Q

External Structures: Fimbriae

A

short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages
up to 1000/cell
mediate attachment to surfaces
type IV fimbriae: twitching motility in some bacteria

109
Q

External structures: sex pili

A

similar to fimbriae
except longer, thicker, and less numerous 1-10/cell
required for mating

110
Q

Bacterial flagella

A

used by most motile bacteria
thin, rigid structures
patterns of arrangement

111
Q

polar

A

flagellum at end of cell

112
Q

monotrichous

A

one flagellum

113
Q

amphitrichous

A

one flagellum at each end of cell

114
Q

lophotrichous

A

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

115
Q

peritrichous

A

spread over entire surface of cell

116
Q

Bacterial flagella: ultrastructure

A

filament
hook
basal body

117
Q

Bacterial flagella: filament

A

hollow, rigid cylinder

flagellin subunits

118
Q

Bacterial flagella: hook

A

links filament to basal body

119
Q

Bacterial flagella: basal body

A

series of rings that drive flagellar motor

120
Q

Bacterial flagella synthesis

A

self-assembly
flagellin transported through hollow filament, similar to type III secretion
growth from tip, not base

121
Q

Bacterial flagella movement

A 
flagellum rotates like a propeller
CCW - forward motion (run)
CW - disrupts run (tumble)
Motor on bottom, bearings on top
Powered by proton gradient from ETC
MotA and MotB make channel to turn
Exergonic rxn
122
Q

Archaeal Flagella

A 
Analogous function, different structure
more than one flagellar subunit type
not hollow; thinner
hook/basal body
rotation CCW pulls cell
CW pushes cell
123
Q

Motility

A

Flagellar Movement
Spirochete motility
Twitching motility
Gliding motility

124
Q

spirochete motility

A

periplamic axial fibrils (bundles of flagellum): flexing/spinning movement
movement kind of like a screw

125
Q

twitching motility

A

pili (type IV) involved

observed in groups of cells (contacting)

126
Q

gliding motility

A

coasting along solid surfaces
no known visible motility structure
cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, etc
Myxococcus xanthus gliding; polysaccaride secretion or adhesion complexes

127
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement towards a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellant
detected by cell surface receptors

128
Q

Absence of chemoattractant

A

random movement

about same number of tumbles and runs

129
Q

Present chemoattractant

A

directional movement
caused by lowering the frequency of tumbles
longer runs when chemoattractant sensed inc. in concentration
when conc. stops inc. number of tumbles inc.

130
Q

Bacterial Endospore

A

formed by some Gm+ bacteria

dormant; resistant to numerous environmental conditions

131
Q

Spore positions

A

Central
Subterminal
Terminal
Swollen sporangium

132
Q

Spore Structure

A

exosporium (thin)
spore coat (thick) impermiable; chem. resistance
Cortex; peptidoglycan
Core wall; derived from plasma membrane, surrounds protoplast
Protoplast; nucleoids, ribosomes, inactive

133
Q

What makes an endospore so resistant?

A

not totally understood, but…
calcium (complexed with dipicolinic acid)
small, acid soluble, DNA binding proteins (SASPs)
dehydrated core
spore coat
DNA repair enzymes

134
Q

Sporulation

A 
commences when growth ceases, lack of nutrients
complex multistage process
1. cell division
2. plasma membrane pinches off cell into two areas
3. cell dies
4. cortex forms
5. spore finishes
6. vegetative cell falls away
135
Q

Transformation of spore to vegetative cell

A
  1. activation; prepares spore for germination
  2. germination; spore swelling, rupture/absorption of spore coat, loss of resistance, increased metabolic activity
  3. Outgrowth; emergence of vegetative cell
136
Q

Common Nutrient Requirements

A

Macroelements

Micronutrients

137
Q

Macroelements

A

most cell dry weight:
C H O N S P
K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+/3+
Required in relatively large amounts

138
Q

Micronutrients

A

trace elements
Mn Zn Co Mo Ni Cu
enzyme cofactors
often supplied in water or media components

139
Q

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, electrons

A

need often satisfied together
carbon source often provides H, O and electrons
C/H/O: biosynthesis
electrons: energy + reduction during biosynthesis

140
Q

Autotrophs

A

CO2 sole or principal biosynthetic carbon source

141
Q

Heterotrophs

A

reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other organisms

142
Q

Phototrophs

A

light as energy source

143
Q

Chemotrophs

A

oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds as energy source

144
Q

Lithotrophs

A

electrons from reduced inorganic molecules

145
Q

Organotrophs

A

electrons from organic molecules

146
Q

Majority of microO studied…

A

photoautotrophs + chemoheterotrophs

147
Q

Most pathogens…

A

chemoheterotrophs

148
Q

Photoorganoheterotrophs

A

polluted lakes

149
Q

Chemolithoautotrophs

A

oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds

150
Q

Chemolithoheterotrophs

A

important in nutrient cycling in ecosystems

151
Q

mixotroph

A

can use multiple metabolic strategies

152
Q

Requirements for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

A

needed for synthesis of key molecules
nitrogen; organic molecules, ammonia, nitrogen gas
phosphorus; inorganic phosphate
sulfur; sulfate via assimilatory sulfate reduction

153
Q

Growth Factors

A 
essential cell components; cells can't synthesize
must be supplied by environment
AA's
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins - enzyme cofactors
154
Q

Growth-response assay

A

measure concentrations of growth factors in a preparation

comparison of known to std. curve

155
Q

Industrial fermentation

A

production of vitamins by microO

vit B12, C

156
Q

Uptake of nutrients

A

passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
iron uptake

157
Q

Passive diffusion

A

High to low concentration
non-polar molecules
Water, O2 CO2

158
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A 
similar to passive, not E dependent, high to low conc.
size of gradient impacts uptake rate
Carrier molecules
smaller conc. gradient required
transport of glycerol, sugars, AA's
more prominent in eukaryotic cells
Carrier saturation effect
159
Q

Active Transport

A 
Against conc. gradient
E dependent - ATP or proton motive force
Conc. molecules inside of cell
Requires carrier proteins (Carrier Sat. effect)
ABC transporters
group translocation
160
Q

ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters

A

conserved in all three domains
pore: 2 TM domains, nucleotide binding domains (ATP)
substrate binding protein; in periplasm, deliver molecule to transporter
sugars
AAs
certain antibiotics

161
Q

Group Translocation

A

molecules modified during transport, energy dependent
ex. sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)
widely distributed in bacteria, many faculative anaerobes, not in most aerobes

162
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)

A

transport of many carbohydrates

PEP phosphorylates enzyme 1 phosphorylates heat-stable protein (HPr) phosphorylates enzyme IIA, IIB, for transport

163
Q

Energy for active transport

A

ATP hydrolysis

H+ gradients from electron transport; direct energy, indirect energy

164
Q

H+ gradients: direct energy

A 
lactose permease (symporter), facilitative diffusion
Na/H+ exchanger (antiporter)
165
Q

H+ gradients: indirect energy

A

Na+ symporter, indirectly powered by proton motive force Na from Na/H+ exchanger

166
Q

Iron Uptake

A

ferric iron (Fe3+) insoluble; uptake difficult

167
Q

siderophores

A 
aid uptake of Fe3+
enterobactin
secreted; complexes with Fe3+
complex transported
In Gm- complex bound by receptor OM
periplasm: either Fe3+ released or complex transported via ABC
168
Q

Getting things through the Gm- OM

A

small molecules - generalized porins
large molecules - specialized porins
Specific carriers - iron uptake

169
Q

Culture media

A

preparations that support growth
can be liquid or solid
solidify with agar

170
Q

polar

A

flagellum at end of cell

171
Q

monotrichous

A

one flagellum

172
Q

amphitrichous

A

one flagellum at each end of cell

173
Q

lophotrichous

A

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

174
Q

peritrichous

A

spread over entire surface of cell

175
Q

Bacterial flagella: ultrastructure

A

filament
hook
basal body

176
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

177
Q

Bacterial flagella: filament

A

hollow, rigid cylinder

flagellin subunits

178
Q

Bacterial flagella: hook

A

links filament to basal body

179
Q

Bacterial flagella: basal body

A

series of rings that drive flagellar motor

180
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

181
Q

Bacterial flagella synthesis

A

self-assembly
flagellin transported through hollow filament, similar to type III secretion
growth from tip, not base

182
Q

Bacterial flagella movement

A 
flagellum rotates like a propeller
CCW - forward motion (run)
CW - disrupts run (tumble)
Motor on bottom, bearings on top
Powered by proton gradient from ETC
MotA and MotB make channel to turn
Exergonic rxn
183
Q

Archaeal Flagella

A 
Analogous function, different structure
more than one flagellar subunit type
not hollow; thinner
hook/basal body
rotation CCW pulls cell
CW pushes cell
184
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

185
Q

Motility

A

Flagellar Movement
Spirochete motility
Twitching motility
Gliding motility

186
Q

spirochete motility

A

periplamic axial fibrils (bundles of flagellum): flexing/spinning movement
movement kind of like a screw

187
Q

twitching motility

A

pili (type IV) involved

observed in groups of cells (contacting)

188
Q

gliding motility

A

coasting along solid surfaces
no known visible motility structure
cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, etc
Myxococcus xanthus gliding; polysaccaride secretion or adhesion complexes

189
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

190
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement towards a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellant
detected by cell surface receptors

191
Q

Absence of chemoattractant

A

random movement

about same number of tumbles and runs

192
Q

Present chemoattractant

A

directional movement
caused by lowering the frequency of tumbles
longer runs when chemoattractant sensed inc. in concentration
when conc. stops inc. number of tumbles inc.

193
Q

Bacterial Endospore

A

formed by some Gm+ bacteria

dormant; resistant to numerous environmental conditions

194
Q

Spore positions

A

Central
Subterminal
Terminal
Swollen sporangium

195
Q

Spore Structure

A

exosporium (thin)
spore coat (thick) impermiable; chem. resistance
Cortex; peptidoglycan
Core wall; derived from plasma membrane, surrounds protoplast
Protoplast; nucleoids, ribosomes, inactive

196
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

197
Q

What makes an endospore so resistant?

A

not totally understood, but…
calcium (complexed with dipicolinic acid)
small, acid soluble, DNA binding proteins (SASPs)
dehydrated core
spore coat
DNA repair enzymes

198
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

199
Q

Sporulation

A 
commences when growth ceases, lack of nutrients
complex multistage process
1. cell division
2. plasma membrane pinches off cell into two areas
3. cell dies
4. cortex forms
5. spore finishes
6. vegetative cell falls away
200
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

201
Q

Transformation of spore to vegetative cell

A
  1. activation; prepares spore for germination
  2. germination; spore swelling, rupture/absorption of spore coat, loss of resistance, increased metabolic activity
  3. Outgrowth; emergence of vegetative cell
202
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

203
Q

Common Nutrient Requirements

A

Macroelements

Micronutrients

204
Q

Macroelements

A

most cell dry weight:
C H O N S P
K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+/3+
Required in relatively large amounts

205
Q

Micronutrients

A

trace elements
Mn Zn Co Mo Ni Cu
enzyme cofactors
often supplied in water or media components

206
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

207
Q

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, electrons

A

need often satisfied together
carbon source often provides H, O and electrons
C/H/O: biosynthesis
electrons: energy + reduction during biosynthesis

208
Q

Autotrophs

A

CO2 sole or principal biosynthetic carbon source

209
Q

Heterotrophs

A

reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other organisms

210
Q

Phototrophs

A

light as energy source

211
Q

Chemotrophs

A

oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds as energy source

212
Q

Lithotrophs

A

electrons from reduced inorganic molecules

213
Q

Organotrophs

A

electrons from organic molecules

214
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

215
Q

Majority of microO studied…

A

photoautotrophs + chemoheterotrophs

216
Q

Most pathogens…

A

chemoheterotrophs

217
Q

Photoorganoheterotrophs

A

polluted lakes

218
Q

Chemolithoautotrophs

A

oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds

219
Q

Chemolithoheterotrophs

A

important in nutrient cycling in ecosystems

220
Q

mixotroph

A

can use multiple metabolic strategies

221
Q

Requirements for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

A

needed for synthesis of key molecules
nitrogen; organic molecules, ammonia, nitrogen gas
phosphorus; inorganic phosphate
sulfur; sulfate via assimilatory sulfate reduction

222
Q

Growth Factors

A 
essential cell components; cells can't synthesize
must be supplied by environment
AA's
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins - enzyme cofactors
223
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

224
Q

Growth-response assay

A

measure concentrations of growth factors in a preparation

comparison of known to std. curve

225
Q

Industrial fermentation

A

production of vitamins by microO

vit B12, C

226
Q

Uptake of nutrients

A

passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
iron uptake

227
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

228
Q

Passive diffusion

A

High to low concentration
non-polar molecules
Water, O2 CO2

229
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A 
similar to passive, not E dependent, high to low conc.
size of gradient impacts uptake rate
Carrier molecules
smaller conc. gradient required
transport of glycerol, sugars, AA's
more prominent in eukaryotic cells
230
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

231
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

232
Q

Active Transport

A 
Against conc. gradient
E dependent - ATP or proton motive force
Conc. molecules inside of cell
Requires carrier proteins (Carrier Sat. effect)
ABC transporters
group translocation
233
Q

ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters

A

conserved in all three domains
pore: 2 TM domains, nucleotide binding domains (ATP)
substrate binding protein; in periplasm, deliver molecule to transporter
sugars
AAs
certain antibiotics

234
Q

Group Translocation

A

molecules modified during transport, energy dependent
ex. sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)
widely distributed in bacteria, many faculative anaerobes, not in most aerobes

235
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)

A

transport of many carbohydrates

PEP phosphorylates enzyme 1 phosphorylates heat-stable protein (HPr) phosphorylates enzyme IIA, IIB, for transport

236
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

237
Q

Energy for active transport

A

ATP hydrolysis

H+ gradients from electron transport; direct energy, indirect energy

238
Q

H+ gradients: direct energy

A 
lactose permease (symporter), facilitative diffusion
Na/H+ exchanger (antiporter)
239
Q

H+ gradients: indirect energy

A

Na+ symporter, indirectly powered by proton motive force Na from Na/H+ exchanger

240
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

241
Q

Iron Uptake

A

ferric iron (Fe3+) insoluble; uptake difficult

242
Q

siderophores

A 
aid uptake of Fe3+
enterobactin
secreted; complexes with Fe3+
complex transported
In Gm- complex bound by receptor OM
periplasm: either Fe3+ released or complex transported via ABC
243
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

244
Q

Getting things through the Gm- OM

A

small molecules - generalized porins
large molecules - specialized porins
Specific carriers - iron uptake

245
Q

Culture media

A

preparations that support growth
can be liquid or solid
solidify with agar

246
Q

Biofilm

A

community of microO working together

247
Q

Defined (synthetic) media

A

components/concentrations known
controlled growth environment
can be used for certain bacteria that are known well

248
Q

Complex media

A

contain some ingredients of unknown composition and/or concentration
Peptones - protein hydrolysates from partial digestion of various proteins
extracts - aqueous; beef or yeast
agar (solidify liquid medium) - sulfated polysaccharide

249
Q

Selective media

A

favors growth of some microO; inhibits others

ex. MacConkey agar selects for Gm- bacteria

250
Q

Differential media

A

distinguish between different groups of microO based on their biological characteristics

ex. blood agar - hemolytic vs nonhemolytic
ex. MacConkey agar - lactose fermenters vs nonfermenters

251
Q

Blood agar

A

enriched and differential

hemolytic alpha and beta vs nonhemolytic

252
Q

MacConkey agar

A

selective and differential

inhibit growth of Gm+, Gm- with acidic products red

253
Q

Spread plate technique

A

best for less dense culture

254
Q

Streak plate technique

A

best for very dense culture

255
Q

Pour plate technique

A

sample diluted, serial dilutions

most control, can determine number of bacteria in original culture

256
Q

Colony Morphology and Growth

A

growth most rapid at colony edge

biofilms on surfaces in nature

Microbiology (4 decks)

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