Test#1

Question 0

Garlic

Answer 0

• Indications: decreased cholesterol, reduce blood pressure, anticoagulation
• Drug interactions: Aspirin, NSAIDs, warfarin, insulins and oral hypoglycemics

•Teaching: Watch for bleeding, lowered glucose levels

Question 1

Echinacea

Answer 1

• Indications: enhance immune system; antiinflammatory
• Drug interactions: amiodarone and anabolic causing hepatotoxicity
• Teaching: Watch for liver damage

Question 2

Saw Palmetto

Answer 2

• Indications: treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Drug interactions: Aspirin, NSAIDs, warfarin, oral contraceptives and estrogen hormones
• Teaching: Watch for bleeding, estrogen levels

Question 3

Ginkgo

Answer 3

• Indications: Improve memory, reduce dizziness
• Drug interactions: anticonvulsants, aspirin and NSAIDS, anticoagulants, antidepressants
• Teaching: risk of seizures, increased bleeding, decrease in seizure threshold

Question 4

Ginseng

Answer 4

•. Indications: relieve stress, enhance
immune system, decrease fatigue

•. Drug interactions: CNS depressants,
digoxin, diuretics, insulin and
hypoglycemics, warfarin,

•. Teaching: decrease anticoagulant effects,
digoxin toxicity, increased sedation,
increased hypoglycemic effect

Question 5

St. John’s Wort

Answer 5

•Indications: Reduces depression, reduce
anxiety, anti-inflammatory

 •Drug interactions: warfarin, 
    antidepressants, antiretrovirals, CNS   
    depressants and analgesics

 •Teaching: decreased anticoagulant effects,      
     increased sedation, decreased                  
    antiretroviral activity

Question 6

Four components of pharmacokinetics

Answer 6

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 7

How do substances travel across plasma membranes

Answer 7

Active and passive transport

Question 8

How does enterohepatic recirculation affect drug activity

Answer 8

Percentage of the drug may be recirculated numerous times with the bile; stays in body longer after therapy has been discontinued

Question 9

Application of drug’s plasma half- life to pharmacotherapy

Answer 9

Plasma half- life: length of time required for the plasma concentration of a medication to decrease by one- half after administration .

Determines frequency of drug administration
Pts. With hepatic or renal disease, half- life increases and drugs need to be given less frequently or have the dosage reduced.

Question 10

How does a drug reach and maintain its therapeutic range in the plasma?

Answer 10

Repeated doses result in an accumulation of drug in the bloodstream, a plateau will be reached where the level of drug in the plasma is maintained continuously within range.

Amount administered has reached equilibrium with the amount being eliminated.

Question 11

Loading dose

Answer 11

Higher amount of drug, often given only once or twice to “ prime” the bloodstream

Question 12

Maintenance dose

Answer 12

Given to keep the plasma drug concentration in therapeutic range

Question 13

Blood - brain barrier

Answer 13

Medications such as sedatives , anti anxiety, anticonvulsant readily cross blood- brain barrier to produce actions in the central nervous system .

Antitumor medications do not easily pass. Brain cancers difficult to treat

Question 14

Fetal- placenta barrier

Answer 14

Prevents potential harmful substances from passing from mother’s bloodstream to the fetus

Alcohol, cocaine, caffeine, and certain prescription drugs easily pass and pose risk to fetus

Question 15

Potency

Answer 15

The more potent, the lower dose needed to produce therapeutic response of drug compared to others in its class

Question 16

Efficacy:

Answer 16

the magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug. More important than potency