Test #1

Question 1

Who is Paul Bernardo

Answer 1

• He was married to Karla Homolka
• He has the most prominent case in Canadian history

Question 2

What is Homicide

Answer 2

• Homicide refers to the broad act of killing another human being
• It has different levels of specific intentions or circumstances
• It is the legal term that is used to define the classification of murder
• Homicide is classified as first-degree murder, second-degree murder, and manslaughter

Question 3

Murder

Answer 3

• This is the specific intent to take another human being’s life
• This is when you cause the death of another human being

Question 4

Culpable Homicide

Answer 4

• When someone causes the death of another human being
• By criminal negligence
• Wilfully frightening the human being (child, or a sick person)
• An unlawful act
• First-degree murder, second-degree murder and manslaughter or infanticide are all forms of culpable homicide

Question 5

1st-degree murder

Answer 5

• A homicide that is both planned and deliberate. An example of this is contract killing or “murder for hire”
• This MUST be premeditated
• The premeditation does not have to be complex but the accused must “think” about their actions and the consequences of their actions
• A killing committed during a hijacking, sexual assault, kidnapping, hostage taking, terrorism, intimidation, or criminal harassment.
• Any offence committed on behalf of a criminal organization E, G. Hells Angles
• First-degree murder carries an automatic life sentence with no possibility of parole for 25 years
• The killing of an on-duty police officer or prison employee is considered first degree murder

Question 6

Second-degree murder

Answer 6

• Generally, a deliberate killing that occurred without planning and does not fall under any of the categories of first-degree murder
• The minimum sentence is life in prison with no parole for 10 years, but the sentence can be as long as life in prison without parole for 25 years

Question 7

Manslaughter

Answer 7

• A homicide committed without the intent, although there may have been an intention to cause harm. There are two broad categories of manslaughter

1 - Unlawful Act - When a person commits a crime that unintentionally results in the death of another person. For example, someone fired their gun carelessly in public and unintentionally kills a bystander

2 - Criminal Negligence - When the homicide resulted from an act or a failure to act that showed wanton or reckless disregard for the lives of others

• In some instances, a murder charge may be reduced to manslaughter in the mental faculties of the perpetrator were impaired or if the homicide was committed in the heat of passion
• Sentence - Manslaughter carries no minimum, except when it is committed with a firearm, in which case the minimum sentence is four years in prison

Question 8

Thunder Bay

Answer 8

• Thunder Bay had 8 murders. One of the key factors in the murder is the drug trade
• Thunder Bay police services have been under fire for allegations of racism toward indigenous individuals

Question 9

Theories

Answer 9

• In the late 19th and 20th centuries theories focused on biological and individualistic explanations of homicide, gradually moving towards more environmental or sociological explanations
• Most research on homicide, such as age, gender, and drugs/alcohol

Question 10

Theories and murder

Answer 10

Theories of murder are generally underdeveloped, untested, and unproven

Question 11

Theories and homicide

Answer 11

Most research on homicide focuses on “factors” that influence or impact the commission of a homicide, such as age, gender, and drugs/alcohol

Question 12

What are the different motives for murder

Answer 12

-Revenge
- Jealousy
- hate

Question 13

What are Biological Theories

Answer 13

Biological theories assume:
- Criminal tendencies are genetic and can be inherited
- Investigation of a person’s genetic material, brain, or body will reveal criminal or homicidal tendencies

Question 14

Cesare Lombroso

Answer 14

• He is the so-called “Father of Criminology”
• He developed the “born criminal theory”
• He believed that some people were simply born criminal

Question 15

What is the born criminal theory

Answer 15

• It posits that the biological characteristics of an individual were an indicator of if they were criminal

Question 16

What is another word for the born criminal theory

Answer 16

It is also knowns as “activistic criminals

Question 17

Atavism

Answer 17

This means “evolutionary throwback”

It is most commonly attributed to Cesare Lombroso’s work

Question 18

William Sheldon

Answer 18

He originated somatotype in the 1940s

Question 19

Somatotype

Answer 19

• This is also known as the constitutional type, and it refers to the body build of a person
• It is a discredited theory

Question 20

Mesomorph

Answer 20

• This is the middle one
• You are athletic, muscular, and aggressive
• They are more likely to commit crimes of violence such as assault or homicide

Question 21

Endomorph

Answer 21

• This is a heavy build
• They are slow and therefore less likely to commit violent crimes
• They are more likely to engage in property offences

Question 22

Ectomorph

Answer 22

• They are lean and fragile
• They have a delicate bodies with droppy shoulders
• They are said to be more intellectual and will commit crimes such as embezzlement and fraud

Question 23

Who was Sheldon heavily influenced by

Answer 23

Ernst Kretschmer

Question 24

Henry Goddard

Answer 24

He proposed that feeble-mindedness was genetic

It was the source of what he referred to as degeneracy including behaviours such as alcoholism, criminal behaviour, prostitution, and sexual promiscuity

Question 25

The Trauma Control Model

Answer 25

1. Pre-dispositional Factors - Biological & Psychological 2. - Trauma Event - Social Rejection 3. Low Self Esteem 4. Dissociation 5. Facilitators (drugs) 6. Fantasy (Humiliation) 7. Trauma Re-Inforcers

Question 26

What are the branches of the social learning theory

Answer 26

1. Social leaning Theory 2. Social Control Theory 3. Labelling Theory

Question 27

Social Learning Theory

Answer 27

- This suggests that people learn their criminal behaviour through close relationships - The idea that people are born good and learn to be bad - The more prominent forms of social learning theory are a differential association, differential reinforcement theory, and neutralization theory

Question 28

Learning Murder

Answer 28

- Katz outlines the steps involved in killing as a means to overcome humiliation and lost power - The act of murder is an act of sacrifice to restore the humiliation - Humiliuation created frustration

Question 29

Neutralization Theory

Answer 29

- Gresham Sykes and David Matza - Delinquents and criminals hold conventional values and attitudes

Question 30

Techniques of Neutralization

Answer 30

1. Denial of responsibility 2. Denial of injury 3. Denial of victim

Question 31

Labelling Theory

Answer 31

1. Labelling theory - Criminal Career Formation - Destructive social interactions and encounters 2. Roots - Symbolic interaction theory 3. How people view reality - Content of the messages and situations they encounter - Subjective interpretations of these interactions - How they shape future behaviour 4. Variety of symbolic labels - Define the person - Dangerous, dishonest 5. Valued labels versus negative labels - improved self-image and social standing 6. Labeling immediate results a. Affecting one's treatment at home work or at school b. Eligibility for employment severely restricted c. Official sanctions ranging from a mild reprimand to incarceration

Question 32

Crime and Labeling Theory

Answer 32

1. Labeling Theorists - Interactionist definition of crime - Social audience's reaction to people and their behavior - Subsequent effects of that reaction

Question 33

Differential Enforcement

Answer 33

1. Law differentially applies - Benefit economic and social power - Penalizing the poor - Control of legal authority - Males, minority group members Major premise of labeling theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied

Question 34

Becoming Labelled

Answer 34

1. Now why do people engage in crime - The labelling - Key tenet of the theory 2. Concern - Criminal career formation - Not the origin of criminal acts 3. Social distance between the labeler and labeled - Race, class and ethnic differences - Power 4. Not all labelled people - crime - Homosexual, mentally ill, and mentally deficient