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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of Broca’s Area?

A

motor speech area that directs the muscles involved in speech production and speech planning

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2
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s Area?

A

understanding written and spoken language

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3
Q

What are Association Fibers?

A

horizontal running fibers that connect different parts of same hemisphere

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4
Q

What are Commissural Fibers?

A

Horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres

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5
Q

What are Projection Fibers?

A

Vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

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6
Q

What it the Corona Radiata?

A

Projection fibers that radiate through cerebral white matter to cortex

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7
Q

What are Basal Nuclei?

A

third of three basic regions of cerebrum that receives input from cerebral cortex and filter out incorrect or inappropriate responses

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8
Q

What is the Diencephalon?

A

Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Processing center for sensory information and autonomic control

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9
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A

Forms the walls of the third ventricle
Relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Cap of the brain stem and forms the walls of the third ventricle
Main visceral control center of the body, control of the autonomic nervous system, initiate physical responses to emotions, regulate body temperature, control endocrine system function, and regulate sleep wake cycles

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11
Q

What is the Brain Stem?

A

composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves and allows for autonomic behaviors necessary for survival

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12
Q

What is the Choroid Plexus?

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

11% of brain mass, plays a major role in balance and fine tunes motor activity

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14
Q

What is Dura Matter?

A

a protective layer of the brain that extends inward that limits excessive movement of the brain

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15
Q

What is Pia Matter?

A

delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to brain, following every convulsion, contains many tiny blood vessels that feed the brain

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16
Q

What is arachnoid matter?

A

middle spiderweb-like extensions

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17
Q

Afferent Gray Matter

A

Somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons

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18
Q

Efferent Gray Matter

A

Somatic Motor neurons, Visceral (autonomic) motor neurons (ventral horn)

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19
Q

What is the Limbic System?

A

puts emotional responses to odors (Ex. skunks smell bad)
Large part of the affective brain

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20
Q

What is the Amygdala?

A

recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response

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21
Q

What is the Hippocampus?

A

plays a role in memory

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22
Q

What is the Reticular Activating System?

A

sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli
inhibited by sleep, drugs, and alcohol

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23
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

beta-amyloid plques and Tau protein tangles in neurons; leads to cell death which cause the symptoms most associated

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24
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra

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25
What is a TIA?
an incomplete stroke
26
What is ischemia?
impaired blood flow to the brain
27
What are Exteroceptors?
respond to stimuli arising outside body, receptors in skin for touch, pain, and temperature, most special sense organs
28
What are Interoceptors (visceroceptors)?
respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels, sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
29
What are Proprioceptors?
respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles, inform brain of ones movements
30
What are Mechanoreceptors?
respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
31
What are Thermoreceptors?
sensitive to changes in temperature
32
What are photoreceptors?
respond to light energy (ex. retina)
33
What are chemoreceptors?
respond to chemicals (ex. smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)
34
What are nociceptors?
sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (ex. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, and inflammatory chemicals)
35
What is the Meisner corpuscle?
found on hairless skin, exteroceptors, mechanoreceptors
36
What are free nerve endings?
found in most body tissues, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors (pain)
37
What are Hair Follicle Receptors?
surrounds hair follicles, mechanoreceptors
38
What is adaptation?
A change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus Phasic receptors- send signals at the beginning or end of stimulus Tonic receptors- adapt slowly or not at all
39
What is spatial discrimination?
identifying site or pattern of stimulus
40
What is visceral pain?
results from stimulation of visceral organ receptors; felt as aching gnawing, burning; activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, and muscle spasms
41
What is referred pain?
pain from one body region perceived as coming from a different region
42
Endoneurium
loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths (Schwann Cells)
43
Perineurium
coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
44
Epineurium
tough fibrous sheath around all fascicles to form the nerve
45
Cranial nerve I (Olfactory)
sensory nerves of smell
46
Cranial Nerve II (Optic)
Purely sensory; carry afferent impulses for vision
47
Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)
chiefly motor nerves for the eye
48
Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)
raises eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, and controlling lens shape
49
Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear)
motor nerves; supply somatic motos fibers to one of the eye muscles
50
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)
convey sensory impulses from various areas of face and supply motor fibers for matication
51
Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)
primarily motor, innervating lateral rectus muscle, abduction and lateral rotation of the eye
52
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)
controls facial expression; parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
53
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
mostly sensory; small motor component for adjustment of sensitivity of receptors
54
Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Motor- innervate part of tongue and pharynx for swallowing and provide parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands Sensory- taste and general sensory impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue, and impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
55
Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)
regulate activities of hear, lungs, and abdominal viscera sensory- carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera
56
Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory)
primarily motor function, move head and neck
57
Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)
innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech
58
Ventral Roots
contain motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
59
Dorsal Roots
contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
60
Spinal Nerve Roots
carry both sensory and motor
61
Spinal Nerve Roots
carry both sensory and motor
62
Brachial Plexus
formed by ventral rami C5-C8 and T1 gives rise to nerves that innervate upper limbs
63
Roots
five ventral rami (C5-T1) unite to form trunks
64
Trunks
upper, middle, and lower, which unite to form divisions
65
Divisions
anterior and posterior which unite to form cords
66
Cords
lateral, medial, and posterior
67
Sacral plexus
Arises from L4-S4 serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum
68
Sciatic Nerve
longest and thickest nerve in the body innervates hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles of the leg and foot
69
Dermatome
area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve helps to detect where spinal cord injuries effect
70
Spinal Reflex
- Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor - Activation of a sensory nerve - Information processing in CNS - Activation of a motor neuron - Response by effector
71
Stretch Reflex
maintains muscle tone - stretch activates muscle spindle - sensory neurons synapse directly with a motor neurons in spinal cord - a motor neurons cause extrafusal muscles of stretched muscles to contract
72
Pupil
central opening that regulates amount of light entering the eye
73
Sclera
part of the fibrous layer shapes eyeball and attaches extrinsic muscles and becomes dura mater as it exits optic nerve
74
Cornea
epithelia cells are transparent to protect and maintain clarity contains pain receptors
75
Conjunctiva
mucous membranes with mucous secretions that lubricate
76
Lacrimal Caruncle
contains oil and sweat glands
77
Lacrimal Gland
produces and secretes tears
78
Eye Muscles
6 straplike extrinsic eye muscles originate from bone orbit and insert on eyeball enable eye to follow moving objects, maintain shape of eyeball and hold it in orbit
79
Ciliary Body
smooth muscle that controls the shape of lense
80
Lens
biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular, changes shape to precisely focus light on retina
81
Aquous Humor
supplies nutrients and O2 to avascular parts of the eye and waste removal
82
Vitrious Humor
transmits light and internal structures in correct orientation
83
Sclera Choroid
filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye
84
Retina
contains millions of photoreceptor cells that transduce light energy, neurons, and glial cells
85
Optic Disc
where the optic nerve exits the eye; blind spot
86
Optic Nerve
carries messages from the retina to the brain
87
Fovea Centralis
site compromise of all cones, region of best visual acuity
88
What is the Pathway of Visual Information to cortex?
- medial fibers from each eye cross over - fibers continue from optic tracts to lateral geniculate nuclei of thalamus - conscious perception of visual images occurs here
89
Rods
dim light/peripheral vision receptors more sensitive to light than cones
90
Cones
bright light / high resolution color receptors for vision
91
Odorant Signaling
discriminatory receptor G-protein cascades allow for depolarization
92
Gustation
facial nerve (VIII), glossopharyngeal (X), and vagus nerve involved
93
Ear
inner- series of membranous sacs and ducts, filled with potassium rich endolymph middle- small air filles, mucousa-lined cavity external- auricle and external acoustic meatus, ear
94
Cochlea
receptor organ for hearing
95
Vestibule
respond to gravity and changes to head position
96
Semicircular Canal
responds to rotational movement of head
97
Wavelength
the distance from the top of one sound wave to the next
98
Amplitude
the height of sound waves
99
Equilibrium
response to various movements of head that rely on input from inner ear, eyes, and stretch response
100
Static Equilibrium
monitored by vestibular receptors
101
Rotational Equilibrium
crista ampullaris bending hairs in cristae causes depolarization
102
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
involuntary controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands to maintain homeostasis
103
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
connects the CNS with organs and muscles to perform daily functions
104
Sympathetic Division
mobilizes body during activities; fight or flight system
104
Parasympathetic Division
fibers originate from brain stem and sacral regions or cord - keeps body energy use as low as possible - carries out maintenance activities
105
What are the structural differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
sympathetic- skin parasympathetic- connected to the brain stem
106
Terminal Ganglia
regulate the parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms
107
Craniosacral Division
another name for the parasympathetic nervous system
108
Thoracolumbar Division
another name for the sympathetic nervous system
109
Synapse in Trunk Ganglia
synapse with ganglionic neuron in same trunk ganglion ascend or descend sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
110
Synapse in Collateral Ganglia
pass through trunk ganglion and emerge without synapsing in trunk
111
Gray Rami Communicantes
unmyelinated postganglionic fibers
112
What is the role of the adrenal medulla in sympathetic activation?
secretes catecholamines to help your body respond to stress
113
Visceral Reflex
involve a glandular or non-skeletal muscular response carried out in internal organs such as the heart, blood vessels, or structures of the GI tract
114
What are the neurotransmitters associated with the ANS, how do they differ from the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous system?
ANS- Nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are all postganglionic
115
What is the parasympathetic tone?
slight activation of organs
116
What is the Sympathetic Tone?
also called the vasomotor tone continual state of partial constriction of blood vessels

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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