Test 1 Flashcards

Question

Similarities between public and private organizations

Answer 1

Some things are the same: Entrusted with assets and responsibilities Human resources issues

Answer 2

- Source of money - Citizens, clients, politicians...decide that there is a result that can be done by government and it is worth paying for - Discretion * Less discretion to define organizational goals and direction - Authorizing authority - more drivers and more involved than shareholders - Performance management * Profit vs. measures of value other than revenue * difficult to measure and show value in public sector

Answer 3

A normative and practical guide for those who are in positions of executive authority in government Public managers are to deploy publicly owned assets to create public value * Purposefulness in management - Public value clarifies for managers what they are trying to produce/ are accountable for.

Answer 4

Public Value Operational Capacity Legitimacy Support

Answer 5

What is the specific improvement expected from a plan or strategy * Improved lives some how * Values are fuzzy

Answer 6

Practically you need the support of people who can provide legitimacy and resources This given by "authorizing authority" Not enough that manager has an idea of public value, others must share this too * Mayor, council, union, politically powerful, regulatory authorities...

Answer 7

The actual ability to create public value What is the location and character of the operational capacity required to achieve my goals? Not just the resources you control: * Often need others * Citizens, media, sister organizations...

Answer 8

All 3 matter all the time Each of the 3 parts of the triangle matter, they are interrelated and influence each other Goal/Key is to find the fit between the organization and its environment It is more than satisfying demands, its responding to them in a way that creates value

Answer 9

Designed to help public sector leaders develop strong, achievable value propositions * Helps you diagnose your local environment Leaders are inclined to limit their thinking to the "what do do" (Public value circle of the triangle)

Answer 10

Mobilization is the process by which a legal system acquires it's cases. * How the law is set in motion

Answer 11

It is how the law is set in motion

Answer 12

Reactive- a citizen sets the legal process in motion * Calls for service

Answer 13

Proactive - the state initiates legal action upon it's own authority

Answer 14

The knowledge a legal system has about the law violations * Reactive system has responsibility on the citizen * So what they can't see, ignore, mistake, or don't think is worth it. Also, reactive system cases come in one at a time and this tends to hide the impact of macro-level forces of crime * Can hide relations among and between cases * Need to collect data and look for patterns In a reactive system, citizens mobilize during a crime or after * Prevent is not strong in a reactive system

Answer 15

NOT the access of legal system to cases but now the access of citizens to the law * The reactive system is an entrepreneurial model of law * Each citizen will voluntarily and rationally pursue their own I interest The proactive system is more of a social welfare model * What is the legal good for the citizenry being defined and imposed by government Anti-mobilization norms * Norms that discourage mobilizing social control against status equals * These have a larger impact in a reactive system

Answer 16

Legal decision-making allows the agent some margin of freedom or discretion A reactive system puts a great deal of discretion in the hands of ordinary citizens * Moral standards of citizens shape case inputs * Citizens engage unknowingly in selective law enforcement

Answer 17

Where a system is reactive or proactive does not determine if there is any possible discrimination * The nature of mobilization shapes where the possible discrimination may come from A reactive system can allow average citizens to invoke the law according to their own prejudices * "Karens," napping in dorm, sitting in Starbucks, BBQ, Birdwatching A proactive system can allow state actors to invoke the law according to their own prejudices

Answer 18

The law is dynamic One of the things that can change the law is a moral change in the population * A proactive system is not as easily adaptable to changes in citizen morality * A reactive system absorbs every change that comes about in the population * Changes in reactive mobilizations change what the police are sent to Another way the law can change is by planned action * A reactive system may be harder to change in planned fashion - more resistant to centrally directed change * A proactive system is a more willing instrument of planned change for it is under the authority of the planners themselves

Answer 19

All neighborhoods: Total calls slight upward trend for all observations for observation period No shift immediately after event After publication: 911 calls declined significantly (Net controls) The effect Diminished over time and returned to normal Violent crime calls declined significantly after as well AREAS Declined lasted longer in Black areas * Here decline was large & durable (over a year) Estimated impact on CFS * Estimated across all call types: 22,200 calls in the year the reporting of the incident. 56% decline occurred in Black areas * CFS regarding traffic accidents increased: indication no larger force for general decline

Answer 20

Cognitive Biases are systematic deviations from rationality in judgement or decision-making

Answer 21

Confirmation Bias is the tendency to search for information that supports our beliefs and ignore or distort data contradicting them.

Answer 22

Focus on how we judge the behaviors of others When we see someone doing something, we tend to think it relates to their personality rather than the situation the person might be in. The tendency to overestimate the degree to which an individual's behavior is determined by his/her abiding personal characteristics, attitudes, or beliefs and correspondingly, to minimize the influence of the surrounding situation on that behavior.

Answer 23

We are less likely to detect bias in ourselves than in others We have the impression that we see issues and events objectively

Answer 24

Our tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered, particularly if that information presented is in numeric form when making decision, estimates, or predictions.

Answer 25

This happens when people answer a question of probability or causation. i.e. how likely is that object A belongs to class B? By asking about the extent to which A resembles B The representativeness heuristic involves judging the likelihood of something by considering how well it matches a particular category or prototype

Answer 26

Misperception of the commonness of one's beliefs, values, abilities, and behaviors - usually in the direction of overestimating how common they are We come to see our own values and choices as relatively typical and appropriate and we view alternative responses as unusual and even deviant

Answer 27

The idea is that decisions making and behavior is influenced in the systematic ways by subtle, seemingly insignificant changes in the decision making context Change to decision making context alters decisions "Choice Architecture" * The design of the environment which people make choices * how information/ environment is presented to you We can improve decision making by structuring choice architecture The presentation matters Opting in vs. opting out

Answer 28

Any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people's behavior in a predictable way without significantly changing their economic incentives Interventions aimed at influencing behavior without limiting or forcing options Paternalistic * Automatic opt-in for employee participation in a company retirement plan Numdges are being used in CJS * Crime prevention, text prompts for court * UK has "behavioral insight team"

Answer 29

Bahavioral nudges reduce FTA for court Many people fail to appear We tend to see this as intentional so try to deter this through sanctions * Bench Warrants But can some of this be explained by simple human error- forgot/ not clear Nudges * To make sufficiently salient (see it/ remember it)

Answer 30

Two large-scale studies in NYC evaluation interventions to make defendants more aware of court information Redesigned the summons form that defendants received for low-level offenses * Old summons listed court information at the bottom of the form below less important information * New form moves court information to the top of the ticket where people are more likely to see it * Also clearly states in bold typeface on the front of the form that missing the assigned court date will lead to a warrant

Answer 31

Send text message to highlight critical court information for defendants in the week leading up to the court date Assigned to one of four groups: * Control: No text * Consequences: Court info/ potential warrant & arrest * Plan-making: Mark calendar, look up directions, set alarm * Combination: Mix of consequences & plan making

Answer 32

All 323,922 summonses issued in NYC between 1/1/16 and 7/14/17 * Every summons had a serial number - could match serial numbers to old or new forms Impact of the new form * The new forms reduced failure to appear by 6.2 percentage points, or by 13.2% relative to the 47% baseline FTA rate in the estimation bandwidth

Answer 33

Relative to 37.9% failure rate in the control group, receiving any text message reduced FTA by 8 percentage points with represents a 21% relative reduction Consequences & combination were the most effective Plan-making also significantly reduced failures

Answer 34

These nudges helped avoid at least 30,000 warrants being issued over 3 years and resulted in approximately 20,000 people having their cases fully dismissed instead of having an open warrant

Answer 35

Email survey retired 1770 NYPD - 48.2% response Confident major crimes declined by 80% * 58.2% said no Personal knowledge of making numbers look better * changes from no to yes from periods 1 & 2 to period 3. * Increase in Bloomberg era

Answer 36

The pressure to reduce index crime steadily increased with significant differences for each time category * 4.46, 5.45 and 6.36 The pressure to downgrade index crime also increased over the time periods * 3.77, 4.16, and 5.63 1981-994 & 1994-2001 Not statistically different 2002 onward significantly different from previous eras More pressure in the last era

Answer 37

Pre-Compstat low mean 5.25 Increased pressure to properly report when first Compstat is introduced 5.75 Does not hold for Kelly/ Bloomberg eras, reverts back to 5.28

Answer 38

More knowledge in recent years (highest pressure) Personal knowledge of manipulation * 30.3, 34.5 to 55.5 (Bloomberg era)

Answer 39

Attempts to identify all the costs associated with crime that individuals and society bear and place a dollar value on the costs * Victim reports, hospital records, workers comp, first responder costs, mental health treatment costs, productivity losses, and incarceration costs Have to use proxy for tangible costs * Lawsuit awards - value of pain and suffering * So less precise

Answer 40

Elicit information about individual willingness to pay for crime reduction using survey questions * What is this non-market good worth to you? * Average willingness to pay for this thing Respondents are typically asked whether they would support a hypothetical referendum in which they find a program providing specific benefits in exchange for tax increases of a given amount A survey might ask individuals how much they are willing to pay for a reduction in crime * 30% reduction in gun crime. What are you wiling to pay to have this? * Then infer cost of crime based on these resonses

Answer 41

Can capture the value of hard to measure things Shows public preferences Shows differences among population segments Gives an indication of value/ cost before crime/ event happens

Answer 42

Hypothetically willing to pay is not the same as actually paying * They may be willing to pay beyond their means Surveys often have a low response rate - representative sample Some may have poorly defined preferences

Answer 43

The idea that the price of a good is related to a number of characteristics - some of which are intrinsic to the good and some of which are extrinsic to it Hedonic methodology shows that price of a good is determined not only by its physical qualities but also by its hedonic characteristics such as it's location, amenities, or environment

Answer 44

Take a house that is close to a scenic landscape. The proximity of this house to a scenic view increases it value relative to a similar house in another less favorable location. This in turn allows for an indirect determination of the value of the environment amenity itself by comparing the different prices attached to the two houses. Compare the price of otherwise similar homes in neighborhoods with different exposure to crime You can then infer the cost of crime exposure by the price differences

Answer 45

Uses actual consumer behavior in the market place to develop estimates, which avoids any of the biases introduced by contingent valuation Captures tangible and intangible costs in the mind of the consumer * Not hypothetical

Answer 46

Tangible Expenditures to reduce the likelihood of victimization (i.e. purchasing security alarms) Government crime prevention programs Intangible Avoidance behavior (i.e. avoiding people & places) Fear of crime

Answer 47

Tangible Lost wages & productivity because of victimization Cost to recover or repair property Intangible Pain, suffering, lost quality of life because of victimization Second generation costs (i.e. increased likelihood of same victims becoming offenders)

Answer 48

Tangible Criminal justice costs like police investigations & incarceration Cost to defend accused offenders in court Intangible Psychological cost to offender's family & community Overdeterrence costs (i.e. accusing innocent individuals, restricting legitimate activity in a community)

Answer 49

Cost in anticipation of crime *Security measures, crime prevention programs, insurance administration costs Costs as direct consequence of crime * Victims lost wages, employer lost productivity, victim medical/ mental health care, lost property and/ or insurance costs, funeral costs Costs in response to crime * Police investigation, prosecution, court, victims services, incarceration

Answer 50

One statistically significant difference among the 51 comparisons drawn between reactive, control, and proactive * Other sex crimes - molestation & exhibition - not all that is treatable by patrol

Answer 51

No statistically significant difference in crime in any of the 69 comparisons made between reactive, control, and proactive beats

Answer 52

No statistically difference in 27 comparisions

Answer 53

Five of the 48 statistically significant but no consistent pattern in the five - some in control, some proactive, and one in reactive

Answer 54

Citzin fear of crime was not significantly affected by the change in level of RPP * 5 out 60 - 4 reactive and 1 in proactive

Answer 55

Measures taken by citizens against victimization were not significantly affected by variations in the level of routine policing

Answer 56

Did not show significant differences due to changes in the level of routine patrol * 21 Comarisions * Telephone survey not the best - don't like revealing security measures over the phone

Answer 57

Citizens attitudes toward the police were not significantly affected by changes in the patrol level 111 comparisons with 16 instances of significant * 5 reactive, 10 control beats, and 1 proactive

Answer 58

Not significantly affecteed 48 comparisons, non significant * Poice-citizen encounters: citizen attitudes not significantly different * Police officer attitudes not significantly different by ara of assignment

Answer 59

The amount of response time taken by police in answering calls for service was not significantly affected by the variations in the level of routine patrol 42 comparisons, one significant finding: number of officers at the scene: More in reactive beats Variations in patrol had no significant effect upon traffic accidents

Answer 60

Decreasing or increasing routine preventive patrol within the range tested in this experiment had no effect on crime, citizen fear of crime, community attitudes toward the police on deliver of police services, police response time or traffic accidents One other attempt has been made to replicate the Kansas City study, in Albuquerque, NM which yielded similar results

Answer 61

Not that routine patrol is of no value * Citizens, business persons, and criminals all assumed status quo Does show there is slack in the system * Perhaps need some: but flexible and adding 2-3 times as much does not get you much more * Dosage: High/ low relative to geography: Chemo vs. radiation

Answer 62

Overall performance for type and frequency of calls for service and officer initiated activities were about the same Two officer units produced more traffic ciatations One officer were more likely to result in arrest and formal report No difference in those arrested by being held to answer by type of unit Fewer complaints by citizens for one officer units Two officer unit faster on calls but not enough to make up the cost of having two officers One officer unit produced equivalent officer initiated activity One officer less resisting arrest, equal on assaults and injuries Same in auto accidents and miles driven (risk exposure to accident) Officer have preference of two person units

Answer 63

Not a great measure of effectiveness * Variation in practice across departments in practice and definitions makes comparisons impossible These definitions/ rules change over time within departments too Administrative discretion high-subject to manipulation Most important factors in solving cases: * The single most important determinant of whether or not a case will be solved is the information the victim or witnesses supplies to the responding officer * Role of responding officer and witnesses in solving cases

Answer 64

Programs which "intuitively seem like they should work," "common sense"

Answer 65

Programs implemented as a political mandate, usually in response to a high profile problem

Answer 66

Programs based on tested research with respoect to either "cause and effect" or "correlations"

Answer 67

Satisfaction with the responding officer * Citizen satisfaction with response time was the best predictor of citizen satisfaction with responding officer Attitudes toward the police in general * Satisfaction with the responding officer was best predictor of general attitude toward the police * Age and race were also associated with general attitudes

Answer 68

Police response time had no effect upon on-scene arrest for 70 to 85% of part 1 index crimes because most (62.3%) were discovered after completed

Answer 69

"Discovered crime" - mobilization 10-15 minutes Citizens "involved" in a crime-time to mobilize * 4 to 7 minutes - burglary, larceny, or auto theft

Answer 70

Apathy - don't want to get involved, not worth it No use to police - no evidence or police would not think it's important Contact security (alternative) Telephone another person Observing the scene - more data to calculate seriousness Injury

Answer 71

Decision-making delays by citizens appear more important than access to phone Victims are in stress, trying to make sense of what is happening or just happened

Answer 72

Chronic Homelessness A small number of chronics contribute greatly to the overall problem * Small number = much of the cost * Consume vast amounts of resources/ create much of the cost of the problem

Answer 73

Bulk of the problem situated in the middle The normal distribution is the state in which the variability of sample data points is similarly distributed before and after the mean value More sample data is present around the mean value

Answer 74

AKA Long Tail Distribution The activity is not in the middle but at one extreme There are a small number of people who are Hyper High Performers, a swath of people who are good performers and a smaller number of people who are low performers It essentially accounts for a much wider variation in performance among the sample Substantial amounts of an issue/ problem may be due to a few hard cases The hard cases are hard

Answer 75

Economic vs moral notions Efficiency vs. fairness * Treat all people in need the same vs impact the problem with differential treatment

Answer 76

Political Views Special treatment for people who do not deserve special treatment Emphasis on efficiency over fairness suggest the cold number-crunching of cost benefits anaylsis

Answer 77

Boring (not action) Lacks satisfaction (nonevent) Methodical and structured (limited discretion)

Test 1 Flashcards

(101 cards)