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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is radiodermatitis?

A

Significant reddening of the skin caused by low-energy ionizing radiation that eventually led to cancerous lesions

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2
Q

T/F: Radiation with higher LET will cause more biological damage.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the basic units for all living matter?

A

Cells

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4
Q

T/F: Cells can move, grow, react, protect themselves and repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce.

A

True

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5
Q

What carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products?

A

Protoplasm

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6
Q

T/F: Early tissue reactions are common in diagnostic imaging

A

False

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7
Q

______ effects are effects on the body that was irradiated.

A

Somatic

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8
Q

Any permanent change to a chromosome is called ___________.

A

Chromosome aberration

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9
Q

Protoplasm consists of large and small molecules called

A

Macromolecules

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10
Q

_______ effects upon future generations because of irradiation of germ cells in previous generations.

A

Genetic

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11
Q

T/F: Beta particles cannot cause biologic damage.

A

False

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12
Q

T/F: Early tissue reactions do not vary depending on the duration of the time after exposure to ionizing radiation.

A

False

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13
Q

_______ is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from a beam of ionizing radiation to the tissue through which it is traveling.

A

Linear Energy Transfer

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14
Q

_______ compounds contain hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.

A

Organic

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15
Q

______ is the basic constituent of all organic matter.

A

Carbon

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16
Q

Water and mineral salts are examples of _______.

A

Inorganic material

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17
Q

As LET increases, biologic damage ________.

A

Increases

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18
Q

If you increase your ability to penetrate, your LET will ________.

A

Decrease

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19
Q

To increase your beam penetrability you can _______.

A

Increase kVp and decrease mAs

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20
Q

T/F: High dose, early tissue effects are vomiting, intestinal disorders, and epilation

A

True

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21
Q

Which acute radiation syndrome (ARS) stage consists of acute- exposure symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

A

Prodromal

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22
Q

T/F: In the latent stage, the body system affected by the exposure manifests the damage caused by the syndrome?

A

False

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23
Q

_______ contains the most carbon of all the organic compounds.

A

Proteins

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24
Q

What types of proteins are found in muscle?

A

Structural

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25
T/F: Ions of heavy nuclei are considered high LET radiation.
True
26
T/F: LET and RBE are proportional.
True
27
T/F: Five separate dose-related syndromes occur as part of the total-body syndrome.
False
28
Biological tissue is ________ radiosensitive when it is well oxygenated, than when it is poorly oxygenated (hypoxic)
More
29
T/F: Any visible radiation-induced injuries of living systems at the cellular organic level always begins with damage at the molecular level.
True
30
T/F: Essentially all effects of low-LET irradiation in a living cell results from indirect action.
True
31
Which syndrome has a decrease in white and red blood cells, and platelets.
Hematopoietic
32
Workers and firefighters who did not survive Chernobyl died of __________
Gastrointestinal
33
________ can mend damaged molecules and are therefore capable of helping the cell to recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage.
Repair enzymes
34
__________ are chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body.
Hormones
35
T/F: A lymphocyte is an example of an antibody.
True
36
_________ are produced in the thyroid gland and control the metabolism throughout the body.
Hormones
37
_________ a photon from the primary beam of radiation ionizes a molecule critical to the cell (ex. DNA)
Direct effect
38
_______ is when water is irradiated it easily breaks down into molecular products.
Radiolysis
39
_______ syndrome appears at a dose of approximately 6 Gy and peaks after a dose of 10 Gy
Gastrointestinal
40
A person with cerebrovascular syndrome may have which of the following symptoms:
Edema in cranial vault
41
T/F: According to the target theory, if the target molecule (DNA) is damaged, the cell will die.
True
42
T/F: Damage to the cell's nucleus can be revealed by instant death.
True
43
T/F: Hematopoietic syndrome can also affect other organ systems.
True
44
_________ is non-mitotic, or non-division form of cell death that occurs when cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cell cycle
Apoptosis
45
________ signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days.
Lethal Dose
46
T/F: Cells vary in their radiosensitivity.
True
47
In the repair of sublethal damage, cells that are ________, have a better prospect for recovery.
Oxygenated
48
_______ cells undergo rapid cell division.
Immature
49
T/F: Reproductive cells are considered radiosensitive.
True
50
The primary purpose for ________ is to provide fuel for cell metabolism.
Carbs
51
T/F: DNA and RNA are located in the nucleus of the cell.
True
52
Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on?
Radiosensitivity, reproductive characteristics, and growth rate
53
What is a double stranded macromolecule?
DNA
54
For diagnostic exams, _______ doses of radiation are given, therefore the LET is ______, very few cells are killed.
Low, Low
55
_______ is shedding of the outer layer of skin, occurring at high doses of radiation.
Desquamation
56
T/F: According to the the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive.
True
57
According to the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, cells in a child are less radiosensitive than those of a ________.
Fetus
58
______ is a decreasing number of active blood cells.
Hematologic Depression
59
Single stranded and functions as the messenger system.
RNA
60
Humans who receive whole body doses above ___ Gy may die within 30 to 60 days.
5 Gy
61
Normal humans have _____ different chromosomes.
46
62
Reproductive cells have _____ chromosomes each.
23
63
Water compromises approximately _____ of the body's weight
80-85%
64
T/F: Muscle tissue insensitive to radiation.
True
65
Water _______ is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 98.6 F and lubricates both the digestive system and skeletal articulations.
Outside the cell
66
_______ is the control center of the cell.
Nucleus
67
________ frail and semipermeable structure encasing and surrounding the cell.
Cell Membrane
68
Muscle and nerve tissue in an embryo/fetus is most sensitive between _______ weeks.
8-15
69
_______ is a process of gonadal cell division.
Meiosis
70
_____ is the process of somatic cell division.
Mitosis
71
Cell division has four phases called:
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
72
T/F: During meiosis the cell goes through only one division.
False
73
______ is when one egg splits into two after fertilization.
Monozygotic twins
74
During ________ radiation damage to DNA can result in the transmission of incorrect genetic information
Meiosis
75
T/F: You have 23 chromosomes from your father and 23 chromosomes from your mother.
True
76
_______ is protoplasm that exists outside the nucleus, primarily composed of water, comprises the majority of the cell.
Cytoplasm
77
What is the middle layer of skin called?
Dermis
78
T/F: The skin is not relatively radiosensitive.
False
79
The two functions of DNA are:
To replicate and control cellular activity
80
T/F: According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, cells undergoing mitosis, blood cells and gonadal cells are the most radiosensitive.
True
81
Because people are born with nearly all of their _______, ________, and ________ cells they will ever have, these cells have a reduced radiosensitivity.
Nerve, Brain, and Muscle
82
T/F: Male testes and female ovaries respond the same to irradiation.
False
83
T/F: The use of personal dosimeters has replaced hematologic testing to monitor radiation damage.
True
84
__________ is the study of cell genetics with emphasis on cell chromosomes.
Cytogenetics

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