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Principles > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is radiodermatitis?

A

Significant reddening of the skin caused by low-energy ionizing radiation that eventually led to cancerous lesions

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2
Q

T/F: Radiation with higher LET will cause more biological damage.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the basic units for all living matter?

A

Cells

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4
Q

T/F: Cells can move, grow, react, protect themselves and repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce.

A

True

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5
Q

What carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products?

A

Protoplasm

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6
Q

T/F: Early tissue reactions are common in diagnostic imaging

A

False

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7
Q

______ effects are effects on the body that was irradiated.

A

Somatic

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8
Q

Any permanent change to a chromosome is called ___________.

A

Chromosome aberration

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9
Q

Protoplasm consists of large and small molecules called

A

Macromolecules

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10
Q

_______ effects upon future generations because of irradiation of germ cells in previous generations.

A

Genetic

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11
Q

T/F: Beta particles cannot cause biologic damage.

A

False

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12
Q

T/F: Early tissue reactions do not vary depending on the duration of the time after exposure to ionizing radiation.

A

False

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13
Q

_______ is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from a beam of ionizing radiation to the tissue through which it is traveling.

A

Linear Energy Transfer

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14
Q

_______ compounds contain hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.

A

Organic

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15
Q

______ is the basic constituent of all organic matter.

A

Carbon

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16
Q

Water and mineral salts are examples of _______.

A

Inorganic material

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17
Q

As LET increases, biologic damage ________.

A

Increases

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18
Q

If you increase your ability to penetrate, your LET will ________.

A

Decrease

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19
Q

To increase your beam penetrability you can _______.

A

Increase kVp and decrease mAs

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20
Q

T/F: High dose, early tissue effects are vomiting, intestinal disorders, and epilation

A

True

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21
Q

Which acute radiation syndrome (ARS) stage consists of acute- exposure symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

A

Prodromal

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22
Q

T/F: In the latent stage, the body system affected by the exposure manifests the damage caused by the syndrome?

A

False

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23
Q

_______ contains the most carbon of all the organic compounds.

A

Proteins

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24
Q

What types of proteins are found in muscle?

A

Structural

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25
Q

T/F: Ions of heavy nuclei are considered high LET radiation.

A

True

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26
Q

T/F: LET and RBE are proportional.

A

True

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27
Q

T/F: Five separate dose-related syndromes occur as part of the total-body syndrome.

A

False

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28
Q

Biological tissue is ________ radiosensitive when it is well oxygenated, than when it is poorly oxygenated (hypoxic)

A

More

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29
Q

T/F: Any visible radiation-induced injuries of living systems at the cellular organic level always begins with damage at the molecular level.

A

True

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30
Q

T/F: Essentially all effects of low-LET irradiation in a living cell results from indirect action.

A

True

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31
Q

Which syndrome has a decrease in white and red blood cells, and platelets.

A

Hematopoietic

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32
Q

Workers and firefighters who did not survive Chernobyl died of __________

A

Gastrointestinal

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33
Q

________ can mend damaged molecules and are therefore capable of helping the cell to recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage.

A

Repair enzymes

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34
Q

__________ are chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body.

A

Hormones

35
Q

T/F: A lymphocyte is an example of an antibody.

A

True

36
Q

_________ are produced in the thyroid gland and control the metabolism throughout the body.

A

Hormones

37
Q

_________ a photon from the primary beam of radiation ionizes a molecule critical to the cell (ex. DNA)

A

Direct effect

38
Q

_______ is when water is irradiated it easily breaks down into molecular products.

A

Radiolysis

39
Q

_______ syndrome appears at a dose of approximately 6 Gy and peaks after a dose of 10 Gy

A

Gastrointestinal

40
Q

A person with cerebrovascular syndrome may have which of the following symptoms:

A

Edema in cranial vault

41
Q

T/F: According to the target theory, if the target molecule (DNA) is damaged, the cell will die.

A

True

42
Q

T/F: Damage to the cell’s nucleus can be revealed by instant death.

A

True

43
Q

T/F: Hematopoietic syndrome can also affect other organ systems.

A

True

44
Q

_________ is non-mitotic, or non-division form of cell death that occurs when cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cell cycle

A

Apoptosis

45
Q

________ signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days.

A

Lethal Dose

46
Q

T/F: Cells vary in their radiosensitivity.

A

True

47
Q

In the repair of sublethal damage, cells that are ________, have a better prospect for recovery.

A

Oxygenated

48
Q

_______ cells undergo rapid cell division.

A

Immature

49
Q

T/F: Reproductive cells are considered radiosensitive.

A

True

50
Q

The primary purpose for ________ is to provide fuel for cell metabolism.

A

Carbs

51
Q

T/F: DNA and RNA are located in the nucleus of the cell.

A

True

52
Q

Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on?

A

Radiosensitivity, reproductive characteristics, and growth rate

53
Q

What is a double stranded macromolecule?

A

DNA

54
Q

For diagnostic exams, _______ doses of radiation are given, therefore the LET is ______, very few cells are killed.

A

Low, Low

55
Q

_______ is shedding of the outer layer of skin, occurring at high doses of radiation.

A

Desquamation

56
Q

T/F: According to the the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive.

A

True

57
Q

According to the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, cells in a child are less radiosensitive than those of a ________.

A

Fetus

58
Q

______ is a decreasing number of active blood cells.

A

Hematologic Depression

59
Q

Single stranded and functions as the messenger system.

A

RNA

60
Q

Humans who receive whole body doses above ___ Gy may die within 30 to 60 days.

A

5 Gy

61
Q

Normal humans have _____ different chromosomes.

A

46

62
Q

Reproductive cells have _____ chromosomes each.

A

23

63
Q

Water compromises approximately _____ of the body’s weight

A

80-85%

64
Q

T/F: Muscle tissue insensitive to radiation.

A

True

65
Q

Water _______ is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 98.6 F and lubricates both the digestive system and skeletal articulations.

A

Outside the cell

66
Q

_______ is the control center of the cell.

A

Nucleus

67
Q

________ frail and semipermeable structure encasing and surrounding the cell.

A

Cell Membrane

68
Q

Muscle and nerve tissue in an embryo/fetus is most sensitive between _______ weeks.

A

8-15

69
Q

_______ is a process of gonadal cell division.

A

Meiosis

70
Q

_____ is the process of somatic cell division.

A

Mitosis

71
Q

Cell division has four phases called:

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

72
Q

T/F: During meiosis the cell goes through only one division.

A

False

73
Q

______ is when one egg splits into two after fertilization.

A

Monozygotic twins

74
Q

During ________ radiation damage to DNA can result in the transmission of incorrect genetic information

A

Meiosis

75
Q

T/F: You have 23 chromosomes from your father and 23 chromosomes from your mother.

A

True

76
Q

_______ is protoplasm that exists outside the nucleus, primarily composed of water, comprises the majority of the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

77
Q

What is the middle layer of skin called?

A

Dermis

78
Q

T/F: The skin is not relatively radiosensitive.

A

False

79
Q

The two functions of DNA are:

A

To replicate and control cellular activity

80
Q

T/F: According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, cells undergoing mitosis, blood cells and gonadal cells are the most radiosensitive.

A

True

81
Q

Because people are born with nearly all of their _______, ________, and ________ cells they will ever have, these cells have a reduced radiosensitivity.

A

Nerve, Brain, and Muscle

82
Q

T/F: Male testes and female ovaries respond the same to irradiation.

A

False

83
Q

T/F: The use of personal dosimeters has replaced hematologic testing to monitor radiation damage.

A

True

84
Q

__________ is the study of cell genetics with emphasis on cell chromosomes.

A

Cytogenetics

Principles (6 decks)

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