TEST 1 Flashcards
1
Q
biology is
A
scientific study of life
2
Q
biologists ..
A
ask questions and divide into themes
3
Q
organelles are
A
various functional components of cells
4
Q
all cells have
A
a membrane and DNA as genetic info
5
Q
what is responsible for ALL reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms
A
Cell Division
6
Q
Types of Cells
A
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
7
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
membrane-enclosed organelles, large & well-defined nucleus; plants, animals, humans, fungi and other forms of life
8
Q
Prokaryotic Cells
A
simple and small, no nucleus; bacteria, archaea
9
Q
DNA is
A
the substance of genes (what we inherit)
10
Q
Chromosomes contain
A
DNA
11
Q
A double helix is made of
A
2 long chains of DNA `
12
Q
What is each chain made of
A
a link made of nucleotides (ATGC which is where all DNA comes from)
13
Q
Negative Feedback
A
as more product accumulates, the process that creates it slow and less product is made
14
Q
Positive Feedback
A
as more product accumulates the process that creates it speeds up and more product is made
15
Q
Discovery Science
A
natural structures and processes - based on observation and analysis of data
16
Q
Qualitative
A
descriptions rather than measurements (qualities)
17
Q
Quantitative
A
recorded measurements (quantities)
18
Q
Scientific Hypothesis
A
leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation
19
Q
What must a Scientific Hypothesis be
A
testable and falsifiable
20
Q
Matter is
A
anything that takes up space and has mass
21
Q
Element is a
A
substance that cannot be broken down
22
Q
Compound is
A
2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
23
Q
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are
A
Elements
24
Q
What forms the Atomic Nucleus
A
Neutrons and Protons
25
What is around the Nucleus (forms a cloud)
Electrons
26
Atomic Number is what
the number of protons
27
Atomic Mass is what
sum of protons and neutrons
28
Potential Energy is what
the energy that matter has because of its location and structure
29
Isotopes are
2 atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons
30
Valence Electrons are
electrons in the outermost shell (last shell houses valence electrons)
31
Valence is
the number of unpaired electrons required to complete a shell
32
Covalent and Ionic are
STRONG bonds
33
Hydrogen is
WEAK bond
34
3 Types of Chemical Bonds are
Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen
35
Four Major Elements that make up 95% of all living matter
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
36
What is the universal solvent or a biological medium
Water
37
Water is
Polar
38
What is polarity
polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other
39
Oxygen has a _____ while Hydrogen has a _____
partially negative charge, partially positive
40
What are 4 Properties of Water that Sustain Life
cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent
41
Cohesion
hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together (cohesion)
42
Cohesion
attraction between different substances (adhesion)
43
Moderation of Temperature
water absorbs heat from warmer air & releases stored hear to cooler air
44
Moderation of Temperature
water can absorb/release hear with only a small change in temperature
45
Moderation of Temperature
Evaporative Cooling: as liquid evaporates the remaining surface cools
46
Expansion Upon Freezing
ice floats because hydrogen bonds in ice are more "ordered"
47
Water: Solvent of Life
Solution: liquid is homogenous mixture of substances
48
Water: Solvent of Life
Solvent: dissolving agent of a solution
49
Water: Solvent of Life
Solute: substance that is dissolved
50
Water: Solvent of Life
Aqueous Solution: where water is the solvent
51
Water: Solvent of Life
when ionic compound is dissolved, each ion is surrounded by a hydration shell
52
Hydrophilic means
"water-loving," readily dissolved in water, molecules that contain ionic/polar covalent bonds
53
Hydrophobic means
"water-fearing," NOT readily dissolvable in water, non-polar molecules like hydrocarbon
54
Amphipathetic Molecule means
have both polar and nonpolar regions
55
Acid is
any substance that INCREASES the H+ concentration of a solution
56
Base is
any substance that REDUCES the H+ concentration of a solution
57
pH scale is
acidic solutions (less than 7) & basic solutions (greater than 7); each pH unit represents a 10 fold difference in H+ and OH- concentrations
58
Organic Chemistry is
the study of compounds that contain carbon
59
Organic Compounds contain
hydrogen atoms & carbon
60
Electron Configuration
determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
61
Hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting of ONLY CARBON & HYDROGEN; their reactions release energy
62
Carbon Chains vary in
size, length and branching
63
What is responsible for influencing the development of male and female properties
Different chemical groups (estradiol and testosterone)
64
What are functional groups
the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
65
What are the 7 Functional Groups
hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, sulfhydryl group, phosphate group, and methyl group
66
Hydroxyl Group
always bonded to C, hydrophilic and polar; can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helps dissolve organic compounds such as sugars
67
Carbonyl Group
acetone, double bond between C & OH; give rise to 2 major groups of sugars: aldoses and ketoses
68
Carboxyl Group
acetic acid, any acid will fall into this group; covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
69
Amino Group
nitrogen is involved, bent with hydrogen; acts as a base, can pick H+ from surrounding solution; ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions
70
Sulfhydryl Group
an S, cysteine; 2 sulfyhdral groups can react, forming a covalent bond; "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure
71
Phosphate Group
a P, glycerol phosphate provides backbone for phospholipids
72
Methyl Group
CH3, component of DNA, affects expression of genes, arrangement effects sex hormones
73
What are the 4 classes of living things
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
74
What is a monomer
a small building block molecule that makes up polymers
75
What is a polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids)
76
When does a Condensation/Dehydration Reaction occur
when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of water molecules
77
Synthesis/Breakdown of Polymers
disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, water is added
78
Hydrolysis Reaction
every bond that is broken means water has been added
79
What is a Carbohydrate
fuel and building material
80
What makes up a carbohydrate
sugars and polymers of sugars
81
What is the simplest type of carbohydrate
monosaccharide or single sugars
82
What combines to form what
Monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides (sugar polymers)
83
What are Monosaccharides (sugar)
a sugar, major fuel for cells and serves as raw material for building materials
84
Monosaccharides are usually multiples of
CH2O
85
What is the most common monosaccharide
glucose
86
how are monosaccharides classified
by location of the carbonyl group (aldose and ketose) and by number of carbons (in carbon skeleton)
87
Many sugars form what
rings
88
A _______ is formed when a _______ _________ joins two monosaccharides
disaccharide, dehydration reaction
89
what is the bond between 2 monosaccharides called
glycosidic linkage
90
what type of bond is a glycosidic linkage
covalent
91
polymers are made by what
a series of dehydration reactions
92
what are individual glucose molecules called
monosaccharides
93
what type of reaction would be used to build a polysaccharide
dehydration reaction
94
what other class of large biological molecules would catalyze this reaction
proteins (enzymes)
95
what is the name of the bond that holds sugars together
glycosidic linkage
96
What has storage and structural roles
Polysaccharides
97
Storage Polysaccharide
starch (plants) & glycogen (animals)
98
Starch (plants) do what
made of glucose monomers and plants store surplus starch
99
Glycogen (animals) do what
stored in liver and muscles
100
Structural Polysaccharides
cellulose & chitin
101
Cellulose is
found in cell wall of plants
102
Chitin is
found in exoskeleton of arthropods and provides structural support for cell walls of funghi
103
What are Lipids
a class of biological molecules that DO NOT form polymers, are hydrophobic, they consist of hydrocarbons and form nonpolar covalent bonds
104
what are 3 types of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
105
What are 2 sub groups of fats
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
106
what is glycerol
3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
107
what is fatty acids
consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
108
what is name of function group on glycerol and fatty acids (they participate in dehydration reaction to form fats)
carboxyl group
109
what is Ester Linkage
a bond between a carboxyl and hydroxyl group
110
example of saturated fatty acids
butter
111
example of unsaturated fatty acids
oil
112
what is a phospholipid
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol; 2 fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group and its attachment form a hydrophilic head (look at picture)
113
what is a steroid
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings; cholesterol is important steroid because they are present in animal cell membranes
114
What are main protein functions
structural support (keep its shape), transport (how materials are moved in/out of cell), cellular communication (sending messages between cells), defense against foreign substances (immune system defense (antibodies))
115
What are steps Enzymes (as proteins) take that catalyze or speed up a chemical reaction
1. Binding to a substrate
2. Conversion of Substrate to products
3. Release of products from enzyme
4. Enzyme free to catalyze further reactions
116
Enzymes function as
workhorses that carry out the process of life
117
T or F: All proteins are built from same set of 20 amino acids
true
118
what is the R group and where is it
responsible for hydrophilicity and readily forms hydrogen bonds with water and are the branch off from carbon that is not hydrogen
119
what does polar mean
WATER LOVING
120
what are amino acids linked by
peptide bonds and multiple amino acids linked together form a polypeptide
121
T or F: each individual protein has a unique linear sequence of amino acids
true
122
peptides are named from ___ to ___, starting with the _______
left, right, n-terminus
123
Functional proteins consists of
one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape
124
a proteins structure determines what
its function
125
levels of protein structure are
1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
4. quaternary
126
Sickle Cell Disease
slight change in primary structure and can cause abnormalities; also results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
127
T or F: A single amino acid has very little effect on hemoglobin
true
128
What causes a protein to unravel
alterations to pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other environmental factors
129
what is the loss of a protein's native structure
denaturation
130
a denatured protein is
biologically inactive
131
what are 2 most common nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
132
amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is ______ by a ____ __ ___________ called a ____
programmed, unit of inheritance, gene
133
genes are made of what nucelic acid
DNA
134
T OR F: DNA provides its own instructions for replication
True
135
Order of Nucleic Acids
DNA--> RNA --> Protein
136
nucleic acids are polymers called
polynucleotides
137
each polynucleotide is made of monomers called
nucleotides
138
Each nucleotide contains
1. nitrogenous base
2. pentose sugar
3. phosphate group
139
DNA is a _____ helix, an arrangement called ________
double, antiparallel
140
Adenine-Thymine (A-T)
2 hydrogen bonds
141
Guanine-Cytosine (G-C)
3 hydrogen bonds
142
Characteristics of Light Microscope
can see live cells, more common, less $$
143
Characteristics of Electron Microscope
more expensive, much more specific and precise
144
What is magnification
the ratio of an objects image size to its real size
145
what is resolution
clarity; ability to observe 2 adjacent objects as distinct from one another
146
what is contrast
visible, differences in parts of the sample; using dye
147
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
- fungi, animal, plants
- larger than prokaryotic
- DNA in nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope
- membrane-bound organelles
148
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
- bacteria and archaea
- no nucleus
- no membrane-bound organelles
- Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
149
Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Characteristics
- plasma membrane
- semifluid substance called cytosol
- chromosomes (carry genes)
- ribosomes (make proteins)
150
what is the plasma membrane
a selective barrier that allows oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
151
what is the general structure of a biological membrane
a double layer of phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer)
152
what does the Endomembrane System do
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
153
What components make up the Endomembrane System
- nuclear envelope
- endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
- peroxisomes
- plasma membrane
154
these components are either continuous/connected by _____
vesicles
155
Nucleus
contains cell genes; the nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm; nuclear membrane is a double membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
156
What regulates entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
pores
157
the shape of the nucleus is maintained by the
nuclear lamina (which is composed of protein)
158
DNA and proteins form genetic material called _______
chromatin (these condense to form chromosomes)
159
what is located within the nucleus
nucleolus (site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis)
160
what accounts for more than half of a eukaryotic cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (is continuous with the nuclear envelope)
161
Smooth ER
no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and stores calcium
162
Rough ER
has ribosomes, secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles
163
Golgi apparatus
consists of flattened membranes called cistern (FEDEX HQ)
164
Functions of the Golgi apparatus
modifies products of ER (carbs and glycoproteins); sorts and packages materials into membrane transport vesicles
165
Journey of Secreted Protein
1. Synthesis in the ER
2. Transport through the Golgi
3. Release from the plasma membrane to the outside of the cell
166
Lysosomes
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
167
Lysosomal enzymes can
hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acid (hydrolysis reaction) ; all organelles that can break down
168
Plasma Membrane
selectively permeable membrane, cell signaling using receptors, cell adhesion; boundary between cell and extracellular environment
169
__________ and __________ change energy from one form to another
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
170
Mitochondria
site of cellular respiration and where ATP is generated
171
Smooth outer membrane and inner membrane of mitochondria folded into
cristae
172
inner membrane of mitochondria creates 2 compartments
1. inter-membrane space
2. mitochondrial space
173
Cristae presents a large surface area for enzymes that
synthesizes ATP (chemical energy conversion)
174
Chloroplasts
found in plants and algae and is the site of photosynthesis
175
chloroplasts is where
light energy is captured
176
chloroplasts are in the family of organelles called
plastids
177
chloroplasts contain a green pigment called
chlorophyll
178
Motor proteins interact with
cytoskeletal functions
179
Motor proteins
move cargo from one location in the cell to another; remains in one place and causes filament to move and bend
180
T or F: both motor protein and filament is restricted in their movement
true
181
Cytoskeleton
network of different size fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm of the cell (bones of the cell)
182
The cytoskeleton
supports the cell and helps keep it in shape; it helps with motility and moves material from one cellular location to another
183
3 fibers make up the Cytoskeleton
1. Microtubules ( thickest)
2. Microfilaments (thinnest; actin filaments)
3. Intermediate filaments (middle thickness)
184
Microtubules
hollow rods that shape the cell and guide movement of vesicles and organelles; also separates chromosomes during cell division
185
Cilia & Flagella
microtubules control beating of cilia and flagella, they are locomotor appendages of some cell; they differ in their beating patterns
186
Microfilaments
solid rods build as a twisted double chain of actin subunits; they bear tension and resist pulling forces within the cell; they form a 3-D network called the cortex to help support cells shape
187
Intermediate Filaments
support cell shape and fix organelles in place; more permanent then the other fibers
188
3 Extracellular Structures (outside the cell)
1. Cell walls of plants
2. Extracellular Matrix of animal cells
3. Intercellular junctions
189
Plasmodesmata
channels that perforate plant cell walls; water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
190
Intracellular Junction Types
1. Plasmodesmata
2. Tight Junction
3. Desmosomes
4. Gap Junctions
191
what do intracellular junctions do
neighboring cells in tissues, organs etc, often adhere, interact and communicate through direct physical contact; they facilitate contact
192
Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) on the surface
193
what is ECM made of
glycoproteins like collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin
194
what do ECM proteins bind to in the plasma membrane
interns (receptor proteins)
195
Functions of the Extracellular matrix
support, adhesion, movement, regulation
