Test 1 Flashcards

Question

Science is...

Answer 1

empirical and objective, systematic/ explicit, logical, explanatory and predictive, self-critical, public

Answer 2

a systematic body of knowledge about any field

Answer 3

observable, measurable world

Answer 4

relevant and replicable observations

Answer 5

linkages between ideas, data, and interpretations grounded in demonstrated principles

Answer 6

concerned with causes

Answer 7

based on testing

Answer 8

available for scrutiny

Answer 9

1) define a problem 2) establish hypotheses 3) determine the implications of the hypotheses 4) collect appropriate data 5) test the hypothesis by comparing these data with the expected implications 6) reject, revise, and/or retest hypotheses as necessary

Answer 10

observation experiment-> generalizations-> paradigm/theory

Answer 11

paradigm/theory -> predictions -> observation experiment

Answer 12

an educated guess based upon observation

Answer 13

more like a scientific law than a hypothesis. an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon supported hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers

Answer 14

statement of fact meant to describe an action or set of actions. generally accepted to be true and universal

Answer 15

rejects a search for universals and stress instead the importance of the individual's lived experience

Answer 16

1) reconstruct culture history 2) reconstruct past lifeways 3) explain the process of culture change: understand how and why cultures change through time

Answer 17

things used, modified or manufactured by humans, usually portable

Answer 18

natural items used by people or somehow otherwise having cultural associations; seeds, bone, pollen

Answer 19

non-portable evidence of technology

Answer 20

any place where material evidence exists about the humans past. Usually refers to a concentration of such evidence

Answer 21

areas across the landscape where archaeological sites are distributed, geographical concept

Answer 22

observations that emerge from archaeological fieldwork

Answer 23

links data with human behavior

Answer 24

answers larger "why" question

Answer 25

framework that relates concept and provides research strategies

Answer 26

explains social, economic, and cultural change as the result of adaptation to material conditions

Answer 27

focuses on humanistic approaches and rejects scientific objectivity; more concerned with interpreting the past than testing

Answer 28

a set of strategies for arriving at accurate descriptions of the range of archaeological material across a landscape (minimally biased)

Answer 29

mapping, site description, invertory, drawings, photohraphs, collections

Answer 30

consists of satellites that circle the earth, carrying a computer and a atomic clock. operates by picking up the signals from at least four satellites

Answer 31

a geologic process whereby fine sediment in blown away and larger items remain (remains of different times are mixed together, often happens in deserts)

Answer 32

the distribution of archaeological sites across a region

Answer 33

the movements and activities reconstructed from a settlement pattern

Answer 34

no site is typical of the entire settlement system. systematic regional survey is used to generate settlement date on a regional scale

Answer 35

sets of counts, measurements, or characteristics about which relevant inquiries are to be made

Answer 36

the region that contains the statistical population and that will be sampled. Its size and shape are determined by the research question and practical considerations

Answer 37

a survey universe divided into several sections that are sampled at different fractions

Answer 38

no single site reveals everything about an ancient society

Answer 39

to generate a representative sample of a landscape. randomized to ensure that every sight has an equal chance of being included in the sample. we do not want to bias the sample

Answer 40

the force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles

Answer 41

shows features too indistinct or too large to discern from the ground

Answer 42

daylight, clear weather, atmospheric haze

Answer 43

caused by small variations in topography, which create shadows early or late in the day

Answer 44

formed by variations in the subsoil. caused by buried archaeological features that lead to differential crop growth

Answer 45

"bounces" electromagnetic radiation (amplified light generated through stimulated photons). measures the time it takes for the pulses to be reflected back to recording instrument

Answer 46

radar (electromagnetic waves) directed into the ground reflect back to the surface when they strike features or interfaces

Answer 47

monitors the electrical resistance of soils in a restricted volume near the surface of an archaeological site. electrical current. dense features impede the flow of electricity

Answer 48

measures the strength of magnetism between the earth's magnetic core and a sensor controlled by the archaeologist. passive. detects changes in magnetic properties of soils

Answer 49

computer programs that store, retrieve, analyze, and display cartographic data. allows us to look at correspondences

Answer 50

1) A computer graphics program 2) external databases 3) analytical tools

Answer 51

1) distribution of archaeological sites across large areas 2) spatial relationships of sites to understand the ways in which people and groups were organized during the past 3) see sites on a regional scale and perceptions of the past 4) work with land developers and planners to avoid sensitive or significant archaeological resourced

Answer 52

experiments where you collect data but destroy the "laboratory"

Answer 53

locating, exposing, testing, full scale excavation and data recovery

Answer 54

used in areas where sites are widely distributed and difficult to find. some damage is unavoidable but can be minimized

Answer 55

used in areas with sterile overburden

Answer 56

dig small vertical unites to sample contents, depth, and gain chronological control

Answer 57

a post hole digger that you screw into the ground. stop every 10-20 cm

Answer 58

designed to expose buried features horizontally, then investigate them vertically- to realize the site's research potential through excavation

Answer 59

the site's strata that are visually separable from each other based on texture, color, rock, or organic content

Answer 60

vertical subdivisions of an excavation square set at depths. used when strata are lacking or are very thick

Answer 61

increased control, minimize loss, maximize information, obtain statistically significant samples

Answer 62

deposit is placed in a screen and the matrix is sifted leaving the artifacts behind

Answer 63

deposit is placed in a screen and the matrix washed away with hoses

Answer 64

uses fluid suspension to recover burned plant remain and bone fragments from bulk dirt samples

Answer 65

carried out by microorganisms that require warmth, oxygen, and water to survive

Answer 66

occures as the result of physical abrasion or movement

Answer 67

causes objects to weather over time (hot-cold, wet-dry cycles, UV light)

Answer 68

rapid, stable burial environment, lacking one or more of: oxygen, micro-organisms, extremes in temperature, sunlight, warmth carbonization, chemicals

Answer 69

used in areas where sites are widely distributed and difficult to find. but some damage is unavoidable

Answer 70

used in areas with sterile overburden

Answer 71

site's strata that are visually separatable from each other based on texture, color, rock, or organic content

Answer 72

vertical subdivisions of an excavation square at set depth

Answer 73

occurs as the result of physical abrasion or movement

Answer 74

Father of Paleontology, realized that in ancient times faunae and florae different from present-days has existed. proposed Catastrophic Theory (which is wrong)

Answer 75

catastrophes on Earth had occurred that were followed by new creations (wrong)

Answer 76

Theory of the Earth (1788), "the operations of nature are equable and steady" not unpredictable and catastrophic

Answer 77

Principles of Geology (1830), present is key to the past. geological remains from the past should be explained by reference to geological processes now in operation

Answer 78

geological concept that states that geological processes operating today occurred at the same rates and manner in the past

Answer 79

major division of time, distinguished by significant changes in the plant and animal kingdoms

Answer 80

a subdivision of geological time

Answer 81

layers of Earth are arranged in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top (unless it was disturbed)

Answer 82

17th century Danish scientist that proposed the Law of Superposition

Answer 83

in 1836, he introduced the three-age system as an example of relative dating (Stone Age, Iron Age, Bronze Age)

Answer 84

the study of cultural and/or geological layers

Answer 85

accumulations of weathered mineral materials deposited by water, wind, or glaciers

Answer 86

weathered sediments and rocks capable of supporting plant life

Answer 87

if two class objects are consistently found together, the two objects were probably in use about the same time in the same cultural context

Answer 88

any laterally deposited sediment in an unconsolidated form will tend toward the horizontal

Answer 89

A natural deposit will end in a feather edge

Answer 90

accumulation of sediments

Answer 91

removal of sediments

Answer 92

cultural sediments (refuse deposits) containing food remains, artifacts

Answer 93

when one stratigraphic layer intrudes into another stratigraphic layer (law of association is violated)

Answer 94

old rodent homes

Answer 95

how artifacts enter the record (discard, loss, caching, ritual interment)

Answer 96

scavenging (artifacts moving back and forth between systemic and archaeological contexts)

Answer 97

artifacts moving through a series of reuses before entering the archaeological record

Answer 98

human behaviors that modify artifacts in their archaeological context (digging pits, farming, bulldozing)

Answer 99

(floralturbation and faunalturbation) the disturbance of artifacts by plants and the Earth

Answer 100

soil expands due to freezing, artifacts eventually move to surface

Answer 101

clay soils swell with water, pushing artifacts upward, cracks form in dry periods; smaller artifacts tend to move downward

Answer 102

slopewash removes most recent artifacts and consolidates them at base of hill, continued slopwash removes earlier artifacts, reversing stratigraphy

Answer 103

Human made soil (composting)

Answer 104

clastic, chemical precipitates, organic, pyroclastic

Answer 105

deposited by water, wind, gravity

Answer 106

chemical build up (carbonate)

Answer 107

break down of once living things (peat)

Answer 108

volcanic buildup (volcanic ash)

Answer 109

a soil formed on a landscape of the past that has subsequently been buried

Answer 110

energy of transport, degree of weathering, distance from source material

Answer 111

upper part of the soil, where active organic and mechanical decomposition of geological and organic material occurs.

Answer 112

a layer below the A horizon, where clay accumulate that are transported downward by water

Answer 113

a layer below the B horizon that consists of the unaltered or slightly altered parent material

Answer 114

sediments transported by flowing water (river terraces, levees, point bars, deltas, etc)

Answer 115

material transported and accumulated by wind (sand dunes, sheets)

Answer 116

sediments deposited primarily through the action of gravity (rockslides, debris flows)

Answer 117

the fine-level structures or morphology of a mineral or soil component visible through microscopy

Answer 118

the belief in a superhuman controlling power

Answer 119

a prescribed order of preforming rites, not just about belief->ritual is behavior

Answer 120

a "human-made" or anthropogenic sediment, formed over time by repeated use (repeated ritual behavior)

Answer 121

greek mountain repeated ritual behavior forms a thick, anthropogenic deposit of burned bone, ash, and charcoal (from sacrifice)

Test 1 Flashcards

(145 cards)