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Management Public Problems > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What is Theory

A

A simplifying statement to explain a complex problem

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2
Q

How does theory play into the scientific method

A

It is the first step in the scientific process

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3
Q

What makes some theories better than others

A

It can hold against a wide range of settings but also have precise implications. It has to have a way to measure itself and have causal mechanisms

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4
Q

What are causal mechanisms

A

A hypothesized cause that leads to a particular outcome. EX: the causal mechanism for opening a door is the turning of the knob and force put on the door.

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5
Q

What is the process that develops and tests theories

A

Scientific Method

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6
Q

What are the steps on the scientific method

A
  1. Begin with a theory
  2. Create a hypothesis
  3. Collect data
  4. Compare findings
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7
Q

What conditions are needed to establish causality

A
  1. independent variable comes before dependent in time
  2. the independent and dependent variable have to be positively or negatively correlated
  3. the dependent variable is not caused by a 3rd variable
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8
Q

Independent variable w/example

A

things we think are important in driving the outcome (dependent variable). Ex: twisting doorknob to open door

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9
Q

Dependent variable w/example

A

the factor or outcome we want to explain. EX: door opening

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10
Q

what is a normative statement

A

a statement that is what/how we think the world should work (opinionated)

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11
Q

what is an empirical statement

A

a statement based on observations or research

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12
Q

What is public management

A

the formal and informal processes of guiding human interaction to a certain outcome

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13
Q

what is public policy

A

the action or inaction of government with regards to a certain situation

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14
Q

what is a bureaucracy

A

a form of organization defined by complexity, division of labor, and hierarchical coordination

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15
Q

Advantages of Bureaucracy

A
  1. division of labor allows for task specialization
    2.Hierarchy makes it clear who is in charge to make decisions
  2. written rules and expectations are clear
  3. impersonality means everyone is treated the same
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16
Q

Disadvantages of bureaucracy

A
  1. division of labor can hurt morale (people will do the same thing everyday)
  2. Hierarchical structure can limit innovative ideas from front line workers
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17
Q

what was the progressive era for American bureaucracy

A

It was a time of political reform after the spoils system to defeat political corruption

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18
Q

what are the 2 sides of the political dichotomy

A

1.Political side
2. Administrative side

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19
Q

what are polyarchies

A

an economics system where government controls means of production and relies heavily on command and control

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20
Q

what are markets

A

an economic system where buyers and sellers participate voluntarily. prices are determined based on willingness to pay

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21
Q

what is tragedy of the commons w/example

A

people with access to a common pool resource will act in their own interest and deplete the resource. EX: overfishing

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22
Q

what is a free-rider w/example

A

when a person receives the benefit without participating. EX: Netflix

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23
Q

what are market failures

A

when a market doesn’t have the right incentives to make goods that are beneficial

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24
Q

major causes of market failures

A

externalities positive and negative

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25
what are externalities
side effects when costs or benefits are not felt in the transaction
26
Positive externality example
education or learning a new skill
27
negative eternality example
pollution from a power plant
28
what is a public good w/example
a good that is available to all of society and cannot diminish if one person uses it. EX: national defense
29
what is public value
the value an organization provides in society
30
what is public failure w/example
when political institutions cause inefficiency through intervention. EX: federal government banning weed when most people want it legal
31
2 dimensions of publicness
1. Economic authority 2. political authority
32
what is economic authority
the extent to which an organization competes in the marketplace for revenues
33
what is political authority
the extent to which an organization is constrained by government rules and regulations
34
3 positions in public vs private organizations
1. public orgs embody a set of values that are important to our political system 2. public orgs are fundamentally less efficient and effective than private orgs 3.public and private are more similar than different
35
what is goal ambiguity
when there is a lack of clarity of what the organizations goals are
36
what is a civil service system
a system that employs people in the public sector that are not hired based on their political ideology and based on merit
37
why was the civil service reform needed
it eliminated the "spoils" system which gave people jobs if they voted for a certain person
38
how have no-profits helped social welfare and other services
they have advocated and lobbied the government on behalf of implementing them
39
what are the differences between non-profit and for-profit organizations
1.non-profit serve the collective interest 2. aren't looking to enrich owners 3. often work together with other orgs
40
what are the 4 major categories of non-profits
1. charities 2. foundations 3. social welfare orgs 4. professional and trade orgs
41
what size are most non-profit orgs (size of budget)
small with a budget of 1 million or less
42
what is the top source of revenue for public charities
private fees
43
what are 501(c)3 orgs
normally they are charitable, religious, or educational orgs that are not operated for any private interests. Money given IS TAX DEDUCTABLE
44
what are 501(c)4 orgs
the same as 501(c)3 orgs but can engage in more lobbying and the money IS NOT TAX DEDUCTABLE
45
how could the 2017 tax reform have implications to charities
it shifted incentives for mostly the wealthier to give to charity and be given a deduction for it
46
how many Americans volunteer once a year. what type volunteer the most
25%. women aged 35-44
47
when can the government give money to faith based orgs
when it is strictly going to their social service activities
48
what are school vouchers
a government funded voucher redeemable at another school that takes away the tuition and fees
49
what is privatization
when government outsources public services to private organizations
50
Benefits to privatization
lowers the cost and improves quality of good
51
downside to privatization
1. could be a lack of competition for the contracts 2. contracts require heavy oversight
52
what does the term "hollow state" mean
when government contracts all of the goods and services out and just fund them
53
what is a complete contract
these exist where actors are perfectly rational and have all information known
54
what are incomplete contracts
where there are gaps and uncertainties in contracts
55
what is opportunistic behavior w/example
unanticipated non-fulfillment of a contract. EX: prison states they will feed inmates 3 times a day but doesn't specify the quality of the food
56
what is a transaction cost
costs associated with making a trade or exchange
57
3 types of transaction costs
1. information costs (time spent) 2.bargaining and contracting costs 3.enforcement and regulation costs
58
what makes transaction costs low
1.number of sellers is high making it easy to know the market price 2. little uncertainty about the future 3. easily transferrable assets
59
what isa wicked problem w/example
a social problem that is hard to solve because of how interconnected it is. EX: fixing poverty
60
what is collaboration
any joint activity including 2 or more orgs
61
what is networking
structures of Interdependence that include multiple organizations that are more equal to each other than a hierarchical arrangement
62
how does managing a network differ from a single organization
there is more acting as a mediator than giving straight orders
63
4 major networking activities managers use
1. activation 2. framing 3. mobilizing 4. synthesizing
64
what are the benefits of networking
1. make things more efficient 2. protect easier against external shocks
65
costs of networking
1. time could be spent in the business rather than networking 2.decision making process could be slow since there are multiple actors
66
what is coproduction
an active long term relationship between public employees and regular people that provide public goods
67
benefits of coproduction
enhances the legitimacy of the public org because people feel incentive to help out

Management Public Problems (3 decks)

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