TEST 1

Question 1

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

Answer 1

• structural
• subcultural
• control theories

Question 2

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

Answer 2

• iq
• body type
• neurological
• hormones

Question 3

PYSCHOLOGICAL THEORIES

Answer 3

• personality factors
• psychoanalysis
• constitutional learning
• social learning

Question 4

STRUCTURAL ANTECEDENTS

Answer 4

• physiological precursors (Temperament /ANS responsitivity, Dysregulation of neurotrans/ seratonin, Hormone levels)
• environmental risk factors (social/ family environment)
• psychological dispositions (insecure attachments, low empathy)

Question 5

PROXIMAL MEC

Answer 5

• prox motivations ( goals )
• prox emotions
  (inhibitory / reduce offending: guilt )
  (exhibitory / increase offending: anger )
• prox congnititons (beliefs about self / others)

Question 6

RESULTS (GENDER X CULTURE)

Answer 6

(a) the absence of consistent gender differences in value meanings across cultures and
(b) small gender differences between the meanings of a few value items within cultures or contexts that appear to be inconsistent across cultures.

Question 7

CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIM

Answer 7

• lawbreaking occurred when people freely chose to behave wrongly when faced with a choice between right and wrong.
• People chose crime when they believed that the gains fro1n crime outweighed the losses it entailed.

Question 8

POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIM

Answer 8

• Rather than focusing on individuals’ free will, positivists emphasized factors that they believed determined criminal behavior.
  
  • Positivists believed that punishment should fit the criminal rather than the crime.

Question 9

THEORIES OF CRIME

Answer 9

• Sociological theories
• biological theories
• psychological theories
• social psychological theories

Question 10

SHELDONS CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY

Answer 10

• (bio)
• Crime is because of your body type; says your temper
  
  • Big muscled guys (mesomorphs) typically the most likely to do crime

Question 11

JACOBS, BRUNTON MELVILLE AND BRITTAIN CHROMOSONAL THEORY

Answer 11

• (bio)
• Most men x and y chromo
  
  • Some were said to have two y chromo therefore leading to more masculinity increasing chances of crime

Question 12

NEVON’S THEORY OF LEAD EXPOSURE

Answer 12

• (bio)
• Connection to lead exposure (paint ex) in childhood to criminal behaviour
  
  • Because impacts brain development; emotional regulation and impulsive control

Question 13

MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY

Answer 13

• (soc)
• Crime is because of the strain felt by certain people (typically lower class) that are restricted by certain goals
  
  • Some of these people will be normal, others turn to illegitimate means to achieve goals

Question 14

SUTHERLANDS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY

Answer 14

-(soc)
- Criminal behaviour is learned through social interactions that either favourable or unfavourable to the law
- People more likely to commit crimes when learn attitudes favourable to the violations of the law

Question 15

BECKER’S LABELLING THEORY

Answer 15

• (soc)
• Deviance not inherent act but a label attached to the act by society
  
  • Criminal arises from society labelling them as such
  • Self full filling: the criminal will want to do it

Question 16

EYENCKS BISOCIAL THEORY OF CRIME

Answer 16

• (psych)
• Some people born w nervous systems that influence their ability to learn from consequence of bad behaviours
  
  • Especially during childhood

Question 17

AKER’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Answer 17

• (psych)
• The more you’re exposed to others who exhibit anti social behaviour, the more likely you will and commit crime

Question 18

GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI’S GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME

Answer 18

• (psych)
• Low self control that is learned early in life is the reason for criminal behaviour

Question 19

FP AS A CLINICIAN

Answer 19

• Concerned with mental health issues regarding the legal system
  
  • Assessments of offenders to see if they can be released from prison
  • Ex:
  • Child custody/ divorce mediation

Question 20

FP AS A RESEARCHER (experimental forensic psychologists)

Answer 20

• Mental health issues, but not just that;
  
  • Any form of research that has to do with the law
  • Ex:
  • Examining risk assessment strategies
  • What influences a jury
  • evaluating treatment programs

Question 21

FP AS A LEGAL SCHOLAR

Answer 21

• Least common
  
  • Engage in scholarly analyses of mental health law and psychologically oriented legal movements
  • Work centers around policy analysis and legislative consultation

Question 22

PSYCHOLOGY AND THE LAW

Answer 22

• Use of psychology to examine the operation of the legal system
  Asking questions: are eyewitnesses accurate?

Question 23

PSYCHOLOGY IN THE LAW

Answer 23

• The use of psychology in the legal system as it operates
  
  • Might include expert testimony regarding a case
  • Psychologist might testify the harms of eyewitness in a police lineup

Question 24

PSYCHOLOGY OF THE LAW

Answer 24

• Use of psychology to examine the law itself
  
  • “does law reduce the amount of crime in our society”?

Question 25

DAUBERT CRITERIA (tests whether fact is reliable)

Answer 25

1. Research has been peer reviewed
   
   2. Research is testable
   3. Research has a recognized rate of error
   4. Research adheres to professional standard

Question 26

MOHAN CRITERIA (CANADA) (standard for expertise testimony)

Answer 26

1. Evidence must be relevant
   
   2. Evidence must be necessary for assisting the trier of fact
   3. Evidence must not violate any other rules of exclusion
   4. Testimony must be provided by a qualified expert