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Medieval Civilizations > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What happened in 476 AD?

A

The Roman Empire fell

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2
Q

What happened in 1492?

A

-End of the Middle Ages
-Americas are discovered by Europeans

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3
Q

What happened in 1453?

A

-Fall of Constantinople by Mehmed II
-Feudal system was giving way to a centralized government
-Reliance on knights was disappearing
-Emergence of artillery at the end of the war

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4
Q

What happened in the 1400s AD?

A

Italian Renaissance is finally taking off

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5
Q

Who is Flavio Biundo?

A

-1392 to 1463
-Historian
-Established the 3 age system

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6
Q

What is the 3 age system?

A
  1. Antiquity
  2. Middle Age
  3. Renaissance
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7
Q

Who is Isocrates & what did he do?

A

463-338 BC
-Rhetorician who practiced in politics
-Was an educator before anything else
-Wanted to teach Athenians to be effective citizens
-Created the Encyclopedia

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8
Q

Who is Scipio Aemillianus?

A

-Embraced Greek culture
-Founded the Scipionic Circle

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9
Q

What is the Scipionic Circle?

A

-A group of philosophers, poets, and politicians that discussed Greek culture, literature, and humanism
-Consisted of Polybius, Panaetius, and Terrence

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10
Q

What did Polybius, Panaetius, and Terrence do?

A

-They translated the Paideia
-Paideia = Humanitas
-Founded the ideals that began to circulate around Rome

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11
Q

What does the concept of Humanitas explore?

A

-What makes us human?
-Define what makes us human?
-What is unique about the human experience?
-Means human nature, civilization, and kindness

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12
Q

What is the purpose of Logos?

A

-Logic, reason, word, language
-To become a full human being
-Logos organizes consciousness
-Brings an intelligent order to our inner lives
-Involves nurturing your inner light and then bringing that light into public life

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13
Q

What is the purpose of our “inner light”?

A

-You don’t just follow one impulse after another
-You impose order, to ultimately make yourself feel fulfilled and happy.
- Education is meant to foster that inner light in us
-Take that inner light and communicate it into the public
-Good education involves public life

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14
Q

What is Studia Humanitas?

A

The pursuit of human excellence

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15
Q

Who is Cicero and what did he do?

A

106-43 BC
-Consul in the Roman Republic (highest office)
-Translated Greek philosophy into Latin
-Promoted the Liberal Arts as the standard Roman curriculum of education

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16
Q

Who is Tatian?

A

120-180 AD
-Challenged the Liberal Arts curriculum
-Claims that the Liberal Arts taught useless education
-Claimed simple piety and salvation is more rational

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17
Q

What are St. Augustine’s thoughts on the Liberal Arts?

A

-Liberal Arts education can lead to a good, enlightened Christian life
-Approves the Liberal Arts education curriculum

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18
Q

Who is Martianus Capella?

A

-Contemporary of St. Augustine
-Claims that business and Liberal Arts are compatible
-Defends the practical importance of the Liberal Arts
-Divides the 7 arts into the Trivium and the Quadrivium

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19
Q

Which of the 7 arts form the Trivium?

A

-Humanity Division
-Literature/Grammar
-Dialectic/Philosophy
-Rhetoric

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20
Q

Which of the 7 arts form the Quadrivium?

A

-Scientific Division
-Arithmetic
-Geometry
-Astrology
-Music/Harmony

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21
Q

Who is Cassiodorus?

A

485-585 AD
-Founded the monastery “Vivarium”
-Wrote manuals on how to teach Liberal Arts
-The monastery contained a school, a library, and a scriptorium
-Liberal Arts education is being taught in Vivarium

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22
Q

What year was Rome founded?

A

753 BC

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23
Q

According to Livy, who was Romulus descended from?

A

Aeneas

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24
Q

Who was the last king of Rome and what caused his reign to end?

A

-Tarquinius Superbus
-Chased out of Rome by Roman nobles in 509 BC
-Chased out of Rome because his son raped Lucretia, who later committed suicide

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25
Q

How did Romans feel about Kings and what prompted this response?

When and why was the Res Republica established?

A

-509 BC, following the end of the exile of Tarquinius Superbus and all the other kings of Rome
-Kingship vanished due to the idea that all kings are tyrants
-Emergence of the Balance of Power; different segments of government balanced each other out
-Republic ideal is about public participation
-The Republic is a thing of the people, because in all republican systems there is a connotation of public participation

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26
Q

What are the dates for the Roman Republic, and what were the positions in the senate?

A

509-527 BC
-Consuls, Praetors, Aediles, and Quaestors
-The move through political offices is called Cursus Honorum
-Elected officials occupy the offices for a year

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27
Q

What is the Cursus Honorum?

A

-Once you’ve established a reputation is dispensing Roman law, you can run for the lowest office
-Move through political office

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28
Q

Who is the top magistrate in the Roman senate?

A

-Consul is the top magistrate
-Elected for one year
-There are two consuls, which brings forth the idea of sharing/diluting power
-Consul convenes the senate

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29
Q

Who are the Praetors in the Senate?

A

-Second highest office
-Praetors have military command
-Look after justice and the law

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30
Q

Who are the Aediles in the Senate?

A

-third office
-Looks after city affairs
-Urban planning
-Urban projects
-Provisions (food supply, water supply, aqueducts, etc.)
-Organizes games in the Circus Maxima and the Colosseum

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31
Q

Who are the Quaestors in the Senate?

A

-fourth office
-financial officials

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32
Q

How did normal people participate in assemblies?

A

They established 4 councils;
-Comitia Curiata
-Comitia Centuriata
-Comitia Tributa
-Concilium Plebis
-They also had 10 tribunes with Veto power

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33
Q

What is the Comitia Curiata?

A

Assembly of the people during the time of the kings

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34
Q

What is the role of the Comitia Centuriata?

A

-Elects consuls and Praetors
-Pass laws
-Declares war

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35
Q

What is the role of the Comitia Tributa?

A

-Elects the Quaestors and the Aediles
-Can also pass laws

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36
Q

What is the Concilium Plebis?

A

-Council of the Plebs
-Council of the common people

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37
Q

What were some causes of conflict between the Patricians and the Plebeians?

A

-The rich were always too greedy. They were never satisfied
-It was perceived by the common people that the Patricians held too much power
-Class warfare is going on in Rome

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38
Q

When and what was the 1st Plebeian succession?

A

494 BC (as a concession)
-The poor were accumulating debt
-The result was 10 Plebeian officials who held the power of Veto
-Their purpose was to check the power of the high ranking magistrates

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39
Q

Who is Marius?

A

-Consul in 107 BC
-Represents the common people
-Allowed landless Romans into the army and rewarded them with land in exchange for their military service
-Well intentioned, but created problems for the Roman Empire (land issues were a problem)

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40
Q

What is the result of people being more loyal to Marius than to the state?

A

-Leads to the rise of super powerful generals to command large armies that are loyal to one man, not the Empire

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41
Q

Who is Sulla?

A

-Represents the elite class
-Enacted his Proscriptions after he won the battles against Marius in 89 and 82 BC

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42
Q

What is Sulla’s Proscriptions?

A

-A list of all of Sulla’s enemies
-Bureaucratically overseen
-The names of informers and those who profited from killing proscribed men

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43
Q

When is Julius Caesar assassinated?

A

March 15, 44 BC

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44
Q

Who is involved in the Battle of Actium in 30 BC?

A

-Mark Anthony
-Octavian
-Mark Anthony is defeated
-Octavian has sole control of the Roman Empire after this battle

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45
Q

What did Caesar do in 49 BC?

A

-Decided to march on Rome
-Crosses the Rubicon with an army
-He becomes an enemy of Rome

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46
Q

What is the result of Caesar marching on Rome in 49 BC?

A

-He is named dictator for life in 48 BC
-He is given absolute power

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47
Q

After the assassination of Julius Caesar

What happened in 42 BC?

A

-Battle of Philippi
-Occurs after the assassination of Julius Caesar
-Octavian + Mark Anthony represents the Populares (common people)
-Brutus + Cassius (killers of Caesar) represent the Optimates
-Brutus and Cassius allied with other opponents of Caesar, prompting Mark Anthony and Octavian to set off and defeat them
-Mark Anthony + Octavian are the victors

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48
Q

What does Augustus do in 27 BC

A

-Created the principate
-The Roman Republic was (in theory) preserved
-Established the Pax Romana to keep the peace
-Prosperity was on the rise

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49
Q

Why was the Principate so important?

A

-It showed future emperors how to keep the peace
-Paved the way for successful Roman government
-It kept the people happy (during a time of civil wars)

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50
Q

The success of any Emperor depended on which 3 powers?

A
  1. Military
  2. Common people
  3. Elite people
51
Q

Octavian and the Senate, regarding his power

What happened on January 13, 27 BC?

A

-Octavian gave up his power in front of the senate
-He has firm control over the military
-Octavian maintains his position as Consul
-He maintains high political standing, and high control of the army

52
Q

After the assassination attempt on Augustus’ life

What happened in 23 BC?

A

-Establishment of the 2nd settlement
-Augustus is given tribunica potestas: he could veto any measure, convene the people and the senate
-He now has more power than anybody else
-Tried to renew Roman traditions (Romanitas)

53
Q

What was the best ruling dynasty of Rome?

A

-Antonine dynasty
-Arts were thriving
-Prosperity was on the rise
-There was security and peace
-Period of Religious tolerance (Romans tolerated every religion unless you were treasonous against the Empire/state)

54
Q

What happened in the Crisis on the 3rd century?

A

-60 emperors in 50 years (not sustainable)
-235-285 AD
-The population of Goths increased in the North
-Several outbreaks of the plague in 251 and 270 AD
-Economy collapsed due to having to fund the civil wars

55
Q

Who is Aurelian?

A

270-275 AD
-Waged a campaign on Zenobia, captured her, and brought her to Rome

56
Q

Who is Zenobia?

A

-Ruler of Palmyra
-Took over much of the Eastern Roman Empire
-Began to create her own empire in defiance of the Roman Empire
-Deprived the empire from their richest province (Egypt)

57
Q

What was the Ssannid Empire and how was it established?

A

-224-627 AD
-Ruling the East before being defeated by Islamic armies
-Consisted of Ardashir and his son, Shapur I

58
Q

Who is Ardashir?

A

-In 237 AD, Ardashir inavded Roman Mesopotamia
-First Ssannid king
-Starts taking Roman forts

59
Q

Who is Shapur I?

A

-Son of Ardashir
-Captured and humiliated the Roman Emperor, Valerian
-Had Valerian skinned and hung his skin on a wall
-Used Valerian as a footstool
-Used captured Roman soldiers as slaves to rebuild Persian roads and infrastructures

60
Q

What is the ideal of Romanitas?

A

-Draws on Ciceronian philosophy
-Expression of the Roman World View
-What does it mean to be Roman? What is the Roman identity about?
-Sets the Romans apart as special among the people of Earth and having a special destiny that was a sign of divine favour
-Urbs Aeterna = Perfect Society (Human society reached an eternal order)

61
Q

What is the Principate?

A

-Political ideology that claims that the will of the Emperor is the perfect embodiment of reason
-The rational will of the Emperor was expressed through Roman law

62
Q

What is Logos?

A

-The belief that reason and intelligence is important because it structures and organizes the human being; following blind impulses is detrimental and chaotic
-Logos harmonizes the world
-Nature is not chaos, nature is organized and harmonious
-The world is good, and to follow that goodness is better

63
Q

What is the Lex Naturalist?

A

-There is a natural order, a natural law
-There is a natural law that organizes nature
-A conception of what the world is like
-The idea that the world is not chaos, it is harmonious

64
Q

What is the ideal of Humanitas?

A

-Involves self-fulfilment and the pursuit of it
-Education is necessary for this pursuit
-Nurtures the intelligent element in you
-Implies virtues

65
Q

Who wanted to keep the altar of victory in the Senate?

A

Symmachus

66
Q

Who deposed of the last Roman emperor in the West?

A

-Odavacer
-Emperor was Romulus Augustus

67
Q

Who sacked the city of Rome?

A

-Alaric, Germanic King
-410 AD: Sack of Rome

68
Q

Who banned Pagan cults?

A

Theodosius I

69
Q

Who defended the Christians after the Sack of Rome?

A

-Augustine
-Wrote the City Of God to defend the Christians

70
Q

Who wrote the history of Rome in the 4th century?

A

Ammianus Marcellinius

71
Q

Who was the Last Pagan Emperor of Rome?

A

Julian the Apostle

72
Q

Who passed the Edict of Milan?

A

Constantine I

73
Q

Who had Tribunica Potestas?

A

-Augustus
-The power to veto any measure, convene the people, and the Senate

74
Q

Who set up the Tetrarchy?

A

Diocletian

75
Q

What did Constantine do to settle matters of Christian Doctrine?

A

He convened the Council of Nicaea

76
Q

Who made peace with the Goths in 382 AD?

A

Theodosius

77
Q

Who called for religious tolerance in the Roman Empire, including Christianity?

A

-Constantine
-Passed the Edict of Milan to allow religous tolerance

78
Q

Who ruled the diocese in the Empire?

A

Vicarius/vicarii

79
Q

Who were the leaders of the fortified cities near the border areas under Diocletian’s rule?

A

Comes

80
Q

How did Lactantius redefine Humanitas?

A

He redefined Humanitas as the love of mankind

81
Q

What was the role of the Dominates under Diocletian’s rule?

A

With the Dominate, Diocletian sought to elevate the prestige and authority of the emperor
-Replaced the Principate in order to withstand political rivalries

82
Q

What was the role of the Dux under Diocletian’s rule?

A

The Dux was the leader of the limitanei at the Roman forts along the border
-limitanei: basically border security

83
Q

Why was the ideal of Romanitas fading in the 4th century?

A

The ideal of Romanitas suffered as emperors in the 4th century increasingly imposed harsh punishments for tax evasion

84
Q

What is the Maius Impenum Proconsulare?

A

-Highest military authority
-Given to Augustus

85
Q

Why did the people of Rome support Augustus so much even though he was clearly concentrating power in his own hands like a dictator?

A

-Because Rome was prospering under his rule
-Establishment of Pax Romana
-Kept the peace
-He put an end to civil wars and culture was flourishing

86
Q

Theodosius settled the Goths in Thrace on the condition that they provide what to the Western Empire?

A

On the condition that they provide soldiers to the army

87
Q

Why was Augustine inspired to write the City of God after the Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Goths?

A

To defend the Christians

88
Q

What does Asonius celebrate in his poem the Mosella?

A

-The great benefits of Roman civilization
-Celebrates Roman art and architecture and their link to Romanitas

89
Q

What was the relationship between the military and the political administrations after Diocletian’s reforms?

What was their relationship to each other?

A

Although the military held more power after Diocletian’s reforms, the two branches were kept separate

90
Q

According to the Roman World View, what character did the will of the Emperor have?

A

The Emperor possessed the Divine Will

91
Q

What political ideology did the first and second settlements of Augustine inaugarate?

A

The ideal of Romanitas

92
Q

Why was Ambrose angry after Theodosius asked zealous Christians to rebuild the synagogue in Callinicum?

A

-Ambrose believed that synagogues were places of unbelief, and thought that the Jewish people deserved what they got.
-He was angry at Theodosius for defending the killers of Christ

93
Q

Explain the meaning that Humanitas had as a translation of the idea of Greek *encyclos paideia *

A

Humanitas translates to being a full human, and possessing certain qualities that make you a good human (or a good Roman) through the use of Reason

94
Q

What decision on theological doctrine came out of the Council of Nicaea?

A

-Makes Catholic Christianity the only acceptable religion in the Roman Empire
-Was Jesus equal to the father or not?

95
Q

What are the 4 classical virtues according to Cicero in the De Officiis?

A
  1. Wisdom
  2. Self-control
  3. Courage
  4. Justice
96
Q

What type of virtue?

What is Honestas?

A

-A virtue where you pursue the higher moral and political objectives in life
-The belief that there is a higher moral ideal that should be pursued

97
Q

What is the Civilitas ideal?

A

-Testimony to the greatness of Roman culture and destiny
-Denotes all great benefits for mankind that the Roman order brought with it
-Essentially, it is civilization in the highest sense

98
Q

What would lead to Diocletian’s economic/financial reforms?

A

The cost of maintaing the army during the Germanic Incursions

99
Q

What was the role of the Limitanei?

A

-Troops positioned on the border of the Empire
-Leader was called the Dux

100
Q

What was the role of the Comitatenses?

A

-Stationed inside the border cities
-Elite fighting squads that dealt with large crisis situations
-Purpose is to intercept and stop invading forces
-Leaders were called Comes

101
Q

What were the 3 borders of the Roman Empire?

A
  1. The Rhine
  2. The Danube
  3. The East
102
Q

Who was the General of Footsoldiers?

A

Magister Peditum

103
Q

Who was the General of Cavalry?

A

Magister Equitum

104
Q

Who was the Magister Militum?

A

-Combined footsoldiers and cavalry
-Appointed by the Emperor, or was the Emperor himself

105
Q

What were the 5 capitals of the Roman Empire?

A
  1. Milan
  2. Trier
  3. Antioch
  4. Sermium
  5. Nicomedia
106
Q

What was the purpose of the Tetrarchy?

A

-Split the Empire into different regions, each region having an emperor to rule it
-Made managing and protecting the Empire easier

107
Q

What is the Annona Militaris?

A

Yearly Military Tax

108
Q

Why did people go on along with Diocletian’s high taxes, even though they resented them?

A

-They kept the peace
-The punishments were severe for failing to pay the taxes

109
Q

Why was the ideal of Romanitas strained under Diocletian’s rule?

A

-People lost the enjoyment of property (due to heavy taxation) and lost their legal rights
-Romanitas implies that you have the right to enjoy amd hold own property; this right is being denied with heavy taxation
-People thought that the principles of justice were being strained due to the consequences of denying Diocletian

110
Q

What is the Edict of Milan?

A

-313 AD
-Grants Christians the full right of worship in the Roman Empire (with freedom of persecution)

111
Q

What was Eusebius’ ideology?

A

-His ideology redefined the role of the Emperor
-The Emperor is now the agent of God on earth
-Idea that Christianity and the Empire were meant to prosper together
-The Emperor was appointed by God, and rules under the favor of God

112
Q

What is Pietas?

A

-Devotion to God
-The common source of mankind

113
Q

What is Equitas?

A

Fundamental equality for all people

114
Q

What was the purpose of Pietas and Equitas?

A

-Instill a new emotion in people
-Seen as a remedy to the greed and lust for domination that controlled human passions

115
Q

Who were the 3 sons of Constantine that succeeded him?

A

-Constantine II
-Constans
-Constantius II

116
Q

What did Julian the Apostle do?

A

-Last Pagan Emperor of Rome
-Hated Christianity
-Aserts his anti-Christian views and blames them for weaknesses that is in the Empire
-Helped Constantius govern the Empire

117
Q

What was the rule of Valentinian like?

A

-Totalitarian rule
-State was running education, health service, etc.
-Strictly enforced taxation and conscription

118
Q

Who is Ambrose?

A

-Bishop of Milan
-Fanatical Christian
-Wanted to destroy the Altar of Victory

119
Q

Who is Symmachus?

A

-Nobleman and consul
-Took up the defense of Paganism against Christian Emperors
-Wanted to preserve the Altar of Victory

120
Q

What did Jerome do?

A

Translated the Bible into Latin

121
Q

What was the massacre of Thessalonica?

A

-390 AD
-After the death of public figures, Theodosius sent in his army to massacre the rioters
-Ambrose excommunicated Theodosius from the Church (my guy started crying)

122
Q

What are the names of the two group of Goths outside the Roman Empire?

A

-The Tervingi
-The Greuthungi

123
Q

What was the Battle of Hadrianople?

A

-378 AD
-During peace negotiations, the Roman right wing attacked the Gothic army (they lost)
-Valens is killed, and it is the most humiliating defeat of the Roman Empire

124
Q

What did Theodosius do in 382 AD?

A

-Negotiated peace terms with the Goths
-Allowed them to settle in Thrace
-The Goths could not have a ruler/leader

Medieval Civilizations (3 decks)

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