Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What happened in 476 AD?
A
The Roman Empire fell
2
Q
What happened in 1492?
A
-End of the Middle Ages
-Americas are discovered by Europeans
3
Q
What happened in 1453?
A
-Fall of Constantinople by Mehmed II
-Feudal system was giving way to a centralized government
-Reliance on knights was disappearing
-Emergence of artillery at the end of the war
4
Q
What happened in the 1400s AD?
A
Italian Renaissance is finally taking off
5
Q
Who is Flavio Biundo?
A
-1392 to 1463
-Historian
-Established the 3 age system
6
Q
What is the 3 age system?
A
- Antiquity
- Middle Age
- Renaissance
7
Q
Who is Isocrates & what did he do?
A
463-338 BC
-Rhetorician who practiced in politics
-Was an educator before anything else
-Wanted to teach Athenians to be effective citizens
-Created the Encyclopedia
8
Q
Who is Scipio Aemillianus?
A
-Embraced Greek culture
-Founded the Scipionic Circle
9
Q
What is the Scipionic Circle?
A
-A group of philosophers, poets, and politicians that discussed Greek culture, literature, and humanism
-Consisted of Polybius, Panaetius, and Terrence
10
Q
What did Polybius, Panaetius, and Terrence do?
A
-They translated the Paideia
-Paideia = Humanitas
-Founded the ideals that began to circulate around Rome
11
Q
What does the concept of Humanitas explore?
A
-What makes us human?
-Define what makes us human?
-What is unique about the human experience?
-Means human nature, civilization, and kindness
12
Q
What is the purpose of Logos?
A
-Logic, reason, word, language
-To become a full human being
-Logos organizes consciousness
-Brings an intelligent order to our inner lives
-Involves nurturing your inner light and then bringing that light into public life
13
Q
What is the purpose of our “inner light”?
A
-You don’t just follow one impulse after another
-You impose order, to ultimately make yourself feel fulfilled and happy.
- Education is meant to foster that inner light in us
-Take that inner light and communicate it into the public
-Good education involves public life
14
Q
What is Studia Humanitas?
A
The pursuit of human excellence
15
Q
Who is Cicero and what did he do?
A
106-43 BC
-Consul in the Roman Republic (highest office)
-Translated Greek philosophy into Latin
-Promoted the Liberal Arts as the standard Roman curriculum of education
16
Q
Who is Tatian?
A
120-180 AD
-Challenged the Liberal Arts curriculum
-Claims that the Liberal Arts taught useless education
-Claimed simple piety and salvation is more rational
17
Q
What are St. Augustine’s thoughts on the Liberal Arts?
A
-Liberal Arts education can lead to a good, enlightened Christian life
-Approves the Liberal Arts education curriculum
18
Q
Who is Martianus Capella?
A
-Contemporary of St. Augustine
-Claims that business and Liberal Arts are compatible
-Defends the practical importance of the Liberal Arts
-Divides the 7 arts into the Trivium and the Quadrivium
19
Q
Which of the 7 arts form the Trivium?
A
-Humanity Division
-Literature/Grammar
-Dialectic/Philosophy
-Rhetoric
20
Q
Which of the 7 arts form the Quadrivium?
A
-Scientific Division
-Arithmetic
-Geometry
-Astrology
-Music/Harmony
21
Q
Who is Cassiodorus?
A
485-585 AD
-Founded the monastery “Vivarium”
-Wrote manuals on how to teach Liberal Arts
-The monastery contained a school, a library, and a scriptorium
-Liberal Arts education is being taught in Vivarium
22
Q
What year was Rome founded?
A
753 BC
23
Q
According to Livy, who was Romulus descended from?
A
Aeneas
24
Q
Who was the last king of Rome and what caused his reign to end?
A
-Tarquinius Superbus
-Chased out of Rome by Roman nobles in 509 BC
-Chased out of Rome because his son raped Lucretia, who later committed suicide
25
# How did Romans feel about Kings and what prompted this response?
When and why was the Res Republica established?
-509 BC, following the end of the exile of Tarquinius Superbus and all the other kings of Rome
-Kingship vanished due to the idea that all kings are tyrants
-Emergence of the Balance of Power; different segments of government balanced each other out
-Republic ideal is about public participation
-The Republic is a thing of the people, because in all republican systems there is a connotation of public participation
26
What are the dates for the Roman Republic, and what were the positions in the senate?
509-527 BC
-Consuls, Praetors, Aediles, and Quaestors
-The move through political offices is called Cursus Honorum
-Elected officials occupy the offices for a year
27
What is the Cursus Honorum?
-Once you've established a reputation is dispensing Roman law, you can run for the lowest office
-Move through political office
28
Who is the top magistrate in the Roman senate?
-Consul is the top magistrate
-Elected for one year
-There are two consuls, which brings forth the idea of sharing/diluting power
-Consul convenes the senate
29
Who are the Praetors in the Senate?
-Second highest office
-Praetors have military command
-Look after justice and the law
30
Who are the Aediles in the Senate?
-third office
-Looks after city affairs
-Urban planning
-Urban projects
-Provisions (food supply, water supply, aqueducts, etc.)
-Organizes games in the Circus Maxima and the Colosseum
31
Who are the Quaestors in the Senate?
-fourth office
-financial officials
32
How did normal people participate in assemblies?
They established 4 councils;
-Comitia Curiata
-Comitia Centuriata
-Comitia Tributa
-Concilium Plebis
-They also had 10 tribunes with Veto power
33
What is the Comitia Curiata?
Assembly of the people during the time of the kings
34
What is the role of the Comitia Centuriata?
-Elects consuls and Praetors
-Pass laws
-Declares war
35
What is the role of the Comitia Tributa?
-Elects the Quaestors and the Aediles
-Can also pass laws
36
What is the Concilium Plebis?
-Council of the Plebs
-Council of the common people
37
What were some causes of conflict between the Patricians and the Plebeians?
-The rich were always too greedy. They were never satisfied
-It was perceived by the common people that the Patricians held too much power
-Class warfare is going on in Rome
38
When and what was the 1st Plebeian succession?
494 BC (as a concession)
-The poor were accumulating debt
-The result was 10 Plebeian officials who held the power of Veto
-Their purpose was to check the power of the high ranking magistrates
39
Who is Marius?
-Consul in 107 BC
-Represents the common people
-Allowed landless Romans into the army and rewarded them with land in exchange for their military service
-Well intentioned, but created problems for the Roman Empire (land issues were a problem)
40
What is the result of people being more loyal to Marius than to the state?
-Leads to the rise of super powerful generals to command large armies that are loyal to one man, not the Empire
41
Who is Sulla?
-Represents the elite class
-Enacted his Proscriptions after he won the battles against Marius in 89 and 82 BC
42
What is Sulla's Proscriptions?
-A list of all of Sulla's enemies
-Bureaucratically overseen
-The names of informers and those who profited from killing proscribed men
43
When is Julius Caesar assassinated?
March 15, 44 BC
44
Who is involved in the Battle of Actium in 30 BC?
-Mark Anthony
-Octavian
-Mark Anthony is defeated
-Octavian has sole control of the Roman Empire after this battle
45
What did Caesar do in 49 BC?
-Decided to march on Rome
-Crosses the Rubicon with an army
-He becomes an enemy of Rome
46
What is the result of Caesar marching on Rome in 49 BC?
-He is named dictator for life in 48 BC
-He is given absolute power
47
# After the assassination of Julius Caesar
What happened in 42 BC?
-Battle of Philippi
-Occurs after the assassination of Julius Caesar
-Octavian + Mark Anthony represents the Populares (common people)
-Brutus + Cassius (killers of Caesar) represent the Optimates
-Brutus and Cassius allied with other opponents of Caesar, prompting Mark Anthony and Octavian to set off and defeat them
-Mark Anthony + Octavian are the victors
48
What does Augustus do in 27 BC
-Created the principate
-The Roman Republic was (in theory) preserved
-Established the Pax Romana to keep the peace
-Prosperity was on the rise
49
Why was the Principate so important?
-It showed future emperors how to keep the peace
-Paved the way for successful Roman government
-It kept the people happy (during a time of civil wars)
50
The success of any Emperor depended on which 3 powers?
1. Military
2. Common people
3. Elite people
51
# Octavian and the Senate, regarding his power
What happened on January 13, 27 BC?
-Octavian gave up his power in front of the senate
-He has firm control over the military
-Octavian maintains his position as Consul
-He maintains high political standing, and high control of the army
52
# After the assassination attempt on Augustus' life
What happened in 23 BC?
-Establishment of the 2nd settlement
-Augustus is given tribunica potestas: he could veto any measure, convene the people and the senate
-He now has more power than anybody else
-Tried to renew Roman traditions (Romanitas)
53
What was the best ruling dynasty of Rome?
-Antonine dynasty
-Arts were thriving
-Prosperity was on the rise
-There was security and peace
-Period of Religious tolerance (Romans tolerated every religion unless you were treasonous against the Empire/state)
54
What happened in the Crisis on the 3rd century?
-60 emperors in 50 years (not sustainable)
-235-285 AD
-The population of Goths increased in the North
-Several outbreaks of the plague in 251 and 270 AD
-Economy collapsed due to having to fund the civil wars
55
Who is Aurelian?
270-275 AD
-Waged a campaign on Zenobia, captured her, and brought her to Rome
56
Who is Zenobia?
-Ruler of Palmyra
-Took over much of the Eastern Roman Empire
-Began to create her own empire in defiance of the Roman Empire
-Deprived the empire from their richest province (Egypt)
57
What was the Ssannid Empire and how was it established?
-224-627 AD
-Ruling the East before being defeated by Islamic armies
-Consisted of Ardashir and his son, Shapur I
58
Who is Ardashir?
-In 237 AD, Ardashir inavded Roman Mesopotamia
-First Ssannid king
-Starts taking Roman forts
59
Who is Shapur I?
-Son of Ardashir
-Captured and humiliated the Roman Emperor, Valerian
-Had Valerian skinned and hung his skin on a wall
-Used Valerian as a footstool
-Used captured Roman soldiers as slaves to rebuild Persian roads and infrastructures
60
What is the ideal of Romanitas?
-Draws on Ciceronian philosophy
-Expression of the Roman World View
-What does it mean to be Roman? What is the Roman identity about?
-Sets the Romans apart as special among the people of Earth and having a special destiny that was a sign of divine favour
-Urbs Aeterna = Perfect Society (Human society reached an eternal order)
61
What is the Principate?
-Political ideology that claims that the will of the Emperor is the perfect embodiment of reason
-The rational will of the Emperor was expressed through Roman law
62
What is Logos?
-The belief that reason and intelligence is important because it structures and organizes the human being; following blind impulses is detrimental and chaotic
-Logos harmonizes the world
-Nature is not chaos, nature is organized and harmonious
-The world is good, and to follow that goodness is better
63
What is the Lex Naturalist?
-There is a natural order, a natural law
-There is a natural law that organizes nature
-A conception of what the world is like
-The idea that the world is not chaos, it is harmonious
64
What is the ideal of Humanitas?
-Involves self-fulfilment and the pursuit of it
-Education is necessary for this pursuit
-Nurtures the intelligent element in you
-Implies virtues
65
Who wanted to keep the altar of victory in the Senate?
Symmachus
66
Who deposed of the last Roman emperor in the West?
-Odavacer
-Emperor was Romulus Augustus
67
Who sacked the city of Rome?
-Alaric, Germanic King
-410 AD: Sack of Rome
68
Who banned Pagan cults?
Theodosius I
69
Who defended the Christians after the Sack of Rome?
-Augustine
-Wrote the City Of God to defend the Christians
70
Who wrote the history of Rome in the 4th century?
Ammianus Marcellinius
71
Who was the Last Pagan Emperor of Rome?
Julian the Apostle
72
Who passed the Edict of Milan?
Constantine I
73
Who had Tribunica Potestas?
-Augustus
-The power to veto any measure, convene the people, and the Senate
74
Who set up the Tetrarchy?
Diocletian
75
What did Constantine do to settle matters of Christian Doctrine?
He convened the Council of Nicaea
76
Who made peace with the Goths in 382 AD?
Theodosius
77
Who called for religious tolerance in the Roman Empire, including Christianity?
-Constantine
-Passed the Edict of Milan to allow religous tolerance
78
Who ruled the diocese in the Empire?
Vicarius/vicarii
79
Who were the leaders of the fortified cities near the border areas under Diocletian's rule?
Comes
80
How did Lactantius redefine Humanitas?
He redefined Humanitas as the love of mankind
81
What was the role of the Dominates under Diocletian's rule?
With the Dominate, Diocletian sought to elevate the prestige and authority of the emperor
-Replaced the Principate in order to withstand political rivalries
82
What was the role of the Dux under Diocletian's rule?
The Dux was the leader of the limitanei at the Roman forts along the border
-limitanei: basically border security
83
Why was the ideal of Romanitas fading in the 4th century?
The ideal of Romanitas suffered as emperors in the 4th century increasingly imposed harsh punishments for tax evasion
84
What is the Maius Impenum Proconsulare?
-Highest military authority
-Given to Augustus
85
Why did the people of Rome support Augustus so much even though he was clearly concentrating power in his own hands like a dictator?
-Because Rome was prospering under his rule
-Establishment of Pax Romana
-Kept the peace
-He put an end to civil wars and culture was flourishing
86
Theodosius settled the Goths in Thrace on the condition that they provide what to the Western Empire?
On the condition that they provide soldiers to the army
87
Why was Augustine inspired to write the City of God after the Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Goths?
To defend the Christians
88
What does Asonius celebrate in his poem the Mosella?
-The great benefits of Roman civilization
-Celebrates Roman art and architecture and their link to Romanitas
89
What was the relationship between the military and the political administrations after Diocletian's reforms?
| What was their relationship to each other?
Although the military held more power after Diocletian's reforms, the two branches were kept separate
90
According to the Roman World View, what character did the will of the Emperor have?
The Emperor possessed the Divine Will
91
What political ideology did the first and second settlements of Augustine inaugarate?
The ideal of Romanitas
92
Why was Ambrose angry after Theodosius asked zealous Christians to rebuild the synagogue in Callinicum?
-Ambrose believed that synagogues were places of unbelief, and thought that the Jewish people deserved what they got.
-He was angry at Theodosius for defending the killers of Christ
93
Explain the meaning that Humanitas had as a translation of the idea of Greek *encyclos paideia *
Humanitas translates to being a full human, and possessing certain qualities that make you a good human (or a good Roman) through the use of Reason
94
What decision on theological doctrine came out of the Council of Nicaea?
-Makes Catholic Christianity the only acceptable religion in the Roman Empire
-Was Jesus equal to the father or not?
95
What are the 4 classical virtues according to Cicero in the De Officiis?
1. Wisdom
2. Self-control
3. Courage
4. Justice
96
# What type of virtue?
What is Honestas?
-A virtue where you pursue the higher moral and political objectives in life
-The belief that there is a higher moral ideal that should be pursued
97
What is the Civilitas ideal?
-Testimony to the greatness of Roman culture and destiny
-Denotes all great benefits for mankind that the Roman order brought with it
-Essentially, it is civilization in the highest sense
98
What would lead to Diocletian's economic/financial reforms?
The cost of maintaing the army during the Germanic Incursions
99
What was the role of the Limitanei?
-Troops positioned on the border of the Empire
-Leader was called the Dux
100
What was the role of the Comitatenses?
-Stationed inside the border cities
-Elite fighting squads that dealt with large crisis situations
-Purpose is to intercept and stop invading forces
-Leaders were called Comes
101
What were the 3 borders of the Roman Empire?
1. The Rhine
2. The Danube
3. The East
102
Who was the General of Footsoldiers?
Magister Peditum
103
Who was the General of Cavalry?
Magister Equitum
104
Who was the Magister Militum?
-Combined footsoldiers and cavalry
-Appointed by the Emperor, or was the Emperor himself
105
What were the 5 capitals of the Roman Empire?
1. Milan
2. Trier
3. Antioch
4. Sermium
5. Nicomedia
106
What was the purpose of the Tetrarchy?
-Split the Empire into different regions, each region having an emperor to rule it
-Made managing and protecting the Empire easier
107
What is the Annona Militaris?
Yearly Military Tax
108
Why did people go on along with Diocletian's high taxes, even though they resented them?
-They kept the peace
-The punishments were severe for failing to pay the taxes
109
Why was the ideal of Romanitas strained under Diocletian's rule?
-People lost the enjoyment of property (due to heavy taxation) and lost their legal rights
-Romanitas implies that you have the right to enjoy amd hold own property; this right is being denied with heavy taxation
-People thought that the principles of justice were being strained due to the consequences of denying Diocletian
110
What is the Edict of Milan?
-313 AD
-Grants Christians the full right of worship in the Roman Empire (with freedom of persecution)
111
What was Eusebius' ideology?
-His ideology redefined the role of the Emperor
-The Emperor is now the agent of God on earth
-Idea that Christianity and the Empire were meant to prosper together
-The Emperor was appointed by God, and rules under the favor of God
112
What is Pietas?
-Devotion to God
-The common source of mankind
113
What is Equitas?
Fundamental equality for all people
114
What was the purpose of Pietas and Equitas?
-Instill a new emotion in people
-Seen as a remedy to the greed and lust for domination that controlled human passions
115
Who were the 3 sons of Constantine that succeeded him?
-Constantine II
-Constans
-Constantius II
116
What did Julian the Apostle do?
-Last Pagan Emperor of Rome
-Hated Christianity
-Aserts his anti-Christian views and blames them for weaknesses that is in the Empire
-Helped Constantius govern the Empire
117
What was the rule of Valentinian like?
-Totalitarian rule
-State was running education, health service, etc.
-Strictly enforced taxation and conscription
118
Who is Ambrose?
-Bishop of Milan
-Fanatical Christian
-Wanted to destroy the Altar of Victory
119
Who is Symmachus?
-Nobleman and consul
-Took up the defense of Paganism against Christian Emperors
-Wanted to preserve the Altar of Victory
120
What did Jerome do?
Translated the Bible into Latin
121
What was the massacre of Thessalonica?
-390 AD
-After the death of public figures, Theodosius sent in his army to massacre the rioters
-Ambrose excommunicated Theodosius from the Church (my guy started crying)
122
What are the names of the two group of Goths outside the Roman Empire?
-The Tervingi
-The Greuthungi
123
What was the Battle of Hadrianople?
-378 AD
-During peace negotiations, the Roman right wing attacked the Gothic army (they lost)
-Valens is killed, and it is the most humiliating defeat of the Roman Empire
124
What did Theodosius do in 382 AD?
-Negotiated peace terms with the Goths
-Allowed them to settle in Thrace
-The Goths could not have a ruler/leader
