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Human Body > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Studies the structure of the body

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

Describes how the body functions

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment (staying the same)

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4
Q

What are the levels of organisms?

A

-Tiny atoms to molecules to larger molecules to cells to tissues to organs to groups of organs to organ systems

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5
Q

What are the 12 major organ systems?

A
  1. Integumentary system.
  2. The skeletal system.
  3. The muscular system.
  4. The nervous system.
  5. The endocrine system.
  6. The circulatory system.
  7. The lymphatic system.
  8. The immune system.
  9. The respiratory
  10. The digestive
  11. The urinary system.
  12. The reproductive system.
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6
Q

What is included in the integumentary system and what’s its function?

A

Skin, hair, nails,

Covering for body, regulate body term, contains some structures for sensation

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7
Q

What is included in the skeletal system, and its function

A

Framework of the body, bones, joints, Cartlidge

Protects and supports the body organs, let’s us move around, has bone marrow, which produces most blood cells

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8
Q

What are the three types of muscles in the muscular system?

A
  1. Skeletal.
  2. Cardiac muscles.
  3. Smooth muscles.
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9
Q

Where are skeletal muscles found and what do they do?

A

They are attached to bones, and they are responsible for movement and maintenance of posture

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10
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found and what do they do?

A

They are found in the heart and the pump blood throughout the body

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11
Q

Where are smooth muscles found and what do they do

A

They are found in various organs and tubes and the contract and relax muscles to help move body fluid

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12
Q

What consists of the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

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13
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

For sensory nerves to obtain information and bring it to the brain and spinal cord, where it gets interpreted. What the brain and spinal cord decides gets transmitted a long motor nerves to get responses such as leg movement

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14
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels

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15
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

To pump and transport blood throughout the body does blood carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, and carries cell waste away

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16
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Glands that secrete, hormones and chemical substances, that regulate body activities, like growth, reproduction, metabolism, and water balance

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17
Q

What consists of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, other lymphatic organs

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18
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Play an important role in fluid balance and defence against pathogens and other foreign material

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19
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Is the defence system that protects the body from pathogens, allergens, pollens, bee, venom, our own selves I have gone bad, (cancer cells)

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20
Q

Where is the immune system found?

A

Throughout the whole body

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21
Q

What does the respiratory system contain?

A

Lungs and other structures that conduct air to and from lungs

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22
Q

What does a respiratory system do?

A

Moves air into the lungs, picked up by blood and is distributed throughout the body and then exhale carbon dioxide which rids the body of waste.
plays a key role in acid balance

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23
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Ingest food, break it down into substances that can be absorbed by the body. Food that is not absorbed is waste, and then excreted

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24
Q

What organs make up your digestive system?

A

Most, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, anus

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25
What does the urinary system contain?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
26
What does the urinary system do?
Excrete waste through urine, helps control, water, electrolytes, and acid base balance
27
What does a reproductive system do?
Enables humans to reproduce
28
What is the anatomical position?
The body is standing erect with the face forward, arms at the sides, toes and palms of hands directed forward
29
What is superior
Apart is above another part, or is closer to the head
30
What is inferior?
Apart is below another part or is closer to the feet
31
What is anterior/ventral
Towards the front (surface)
32
What is posterior/dorsal
Towards the back surface
33
What is medial?
Towards the midline of the body
34
What is lateral?
Away from the midline of the body
35
What is the midline?
If the body was divided into right and left half Imagine a line drawn throughout the middle of the body
36
What is proximal?
Nearer to the point of attachment, often the trunk of the body
37
What is distal?
A part is farther away from the point of attachment, then another part
38
What is superficial?
Located on, or near the surface of the body
39
What is deep?
Body part is away from the surface of the body
40
What is central
Located in the centre
41
What is peripheral?
Away from the centre
42
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides the body length, wise into right, and left portions
43
What is the frontal plane?
Divides the body into anterior and posterior positions. Front and back part of the body.
44
What is the transverse plane?
Divides the body horizontally. Upper and lower body.
45
What is the abdominal?
Anterior trunk just below the ribs
46
What is the antecubital?
Area in front of the elbow
47
What is the axillary
Armpit
48
What is the buccal
Cheek area, cavity between the gum and cheek
49
What is another word for brachial?
Arm
50
What is another word for Cephalic
Head
51
Where is the cervical located?
Neck region
52
What is cranial?
Nearer to the head
53
What are digital?
Fingers and toes
54
Where is femoral
Thigh area
55
What is flank
Fleshy area along each side between the lower ribs on the top of hip bones
56
Where is the inguinal
Area where the thigh meets the trunk of the body (groin)
57
What is another word for oral?
Mouth
58
Where is the orbital?
Around the eye
59
Where is the patellar?
Front of me over the knee cap
60
What is the pedal?
The foot
61
What is another word for plantar?
Sole of foot
62
Where is the pubic located?
Genital area
63
Where is the sternal?
Middle of chest
64
What is the umbilical?
The Naval
65
Where is the caudal?
Near the tail bone
66
What is the deltoid?
Rounded Area of shoulder
67
What is another word for gluteal?
Buttocks
68
Where is the lumbar?
Between the ribs and hips
69
Where is the occipital located?
Back of head
70
Where is the popliteal located?
Behind or back of knee area
71
What is a scapular?
Shoulder blade area
72
Where is the dorsal cavity located?
Located at the back of the body
73
What are the two divisions of the dorsal cavity?
1. Cranial cavity. 2. Spinal cavity.
74
Where is the cranial cavity and what does it contain?
Within the skull and contains the brain
75
Where is the spinal cavity and what does it contain?
Extends downward from the cranial cavity, is surrounded by boney vertebrae, contains a spinal cord
76
Where is the ventral cavity?
Towards the front of the body
77
What are the two divisions of the ventral cavity?
1. Thoracic cavity. 2. Abdominal pelvic cavity.
78
Where is the thoracic cavity and what is it surrounded by?
It is above the diaphragm and surrounded by rib cage
79
The thoracic cavity is divided into two compartments. What are they?
1. Mediastinum. 2. Pericardial cavity.
80
What does the mediastinum contain?
Heart, thymus gland, parts of esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels
81
Where is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain?
Within the mediastinum. It contains heart, right and left lungs
82
Where is the abdominopelvic cavity?
Below the diaphragm. The upper portion is in the abdominal cavity. And the lower portion is in the pelvic cavity.
83
What is the upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
Stomach, liver, most of the intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys
84
What does a lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
It extends down to the hips and contains the rest of the intestines, rectum, bladder, internal parts of the reproductive system
85
The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants. What are their names
1. Right upper quadrant. (RUQ) 2. Left upper quadrant. (LUQ) 3. Right lower quadrant. (RLQ) 4. Left lower quadrant. (LLQ)
86
What are the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
1. Right hypochondriac region (right top) 2. Epigastric region (middle top) 3. Left hypochondriac region (left top) 4. Right lumbar region (right middle) 5. Umbilical region. (Middle middle) 6. Left lumbar region. (Left middle) 7. Right iliac region. (Right lower) 8. Hypogastric region (middle lower) 9. Left iliac region. (Left lower)
87
What do active transport include?
Active transport, palms, endocytosis, exocytosis,
88
What does active transport require?
-An input of energy (ATP) to achieve its goal -The ability to Pump substances so additional substances in the cell can be moved to a low area of concentration to make room for new.
89
What does endocytosis involve?
Involves the intake of food or liquid by cell membrane. The particle is surrounded by cell membrane, which ingulfs it and takes it into the cell.
90
What is phagocytosis?
Solid particle
91
What is pinocytosis?
Water droplet
92
What does exocytosis do?
Move substances out of the cell. This requires input of ATP.
93
What is included and passive transport
Diffusion, facilitated, diffusion, osmosis, filtration
94
What is diffusion?
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
95
What is facilitated diffusion?
- Responsible for the transport of many substances - Moves from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration by a molecule within the membrane. - The helper molecule increases the rate of diffusion The molecule moves from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration with help by a carrier
96
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable, or semi permeable membrane, which allows the passage of some substances, while restricting the passage of others - Water diffuses from an area with more water to one with the less and the dissolved substances do not move
97
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
The sequence of events that the cell goes through from one mitotic division to the next
98
What are the two stages of the phases of cell cycle?
1. Interphase. 2. Mitosis
99
What happens during the interphase?
The cell continues normally, and gets ready for mitosis through growth and DNA replication. Interphase is divided into three phases.
100
What are the three phases of interphase?
1. First gap phase (G1) 2. Phase S 3. Second gap phase. (G2)
101
What happens in the first gap phase (G1)
The cell carries on normally and starts to make DNA and other substances needed for cell division
102
What happens during phase S
The cell duplicates it’s chromosomes to make enough DNA for two identical cells
103
What happens during the second gap phase (G2)
Final phase for mitosis. Includes the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins needed for mitosis. At the end of this stage, the cells enter the mitotic phase. .
104
What happens during the mitotic (M) phase?
The cell divides into two cells in a way that the nuclei of those cells contain identical, genetic information
105
What are the four phases of mitosis?
1. Prophase. 2. Metaphase. 3. Anaphase. 4. Telophase.
106
What happens during prophase?
-The chromosomes coil, and become visible under a microscope - each pair of chroma zone is composed of two identical strands of DNA called chromatids, chromatids are attached to centromere, at the same time, two pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles of the nucleus, later in this phase, the nuclear membrane disappears
107
What happens during the metaphase?
The chromatids are aligned in a narrow central zone, spindle, fibers, connect to chromatids and centrioles
108
When does the anaphase begin?
When the centromere splits in the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
109
What happens during telophase?
Each new cell reverse to the interphase state, the nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes uncoil, the chromatin strands reappear
110
What marks the end of mitosis?
Telophase and cytokinesis
111
What is cytokinesis?
It begins in late anaphase and is the pinching of the cell membrane to split the cytoplasm into two cells
112
What happens to cells as you age?
- Cells become larger and the ability to divide and reproduce decreases - chromosomes in the nucleus, change, causing clumping, shrinkage, fragmentation - Mitochondria and lysosomes reduce numbers - Cells function less of a
113
What happens to tissue as you age? If
- tissue weakens - sagging occurs - affect organ function - Decreased lung capacity - decreased muscle strength - Decreased kidney function - Collagen and elastin decrease, tissue becomes stiffer, less elastic, and less efficient and function - Lipid and fat content of tissues change - Water in body decreases - Tissue atrophy causes a decrease in the mass of most organs
114
What happens to your skin as you age?
- thinning of the epidermis which results in Centre antmore translucent skin - Decrease protection from UV light - More risk to sunburn skin cancer - Brown spots or age spots - More fragile skin and more wrinkles - Skin heals slowly - Skin is more subceptible to to small haemorrhages in pressure ulcers - drugs that are administered subcutaneously are absorbed more slowly - Lower ability to maintain body temperature (feel more cold) - dry, coarse, itchy skin - decreased ability to regulate body temperature - Hair becomes lighter in colour, thinner - Nails can become dull, brittle, hard, thick - Nail growth is slow
115
Order, disorder, and death of cells What happens if too many cells are produced
Form on malignant or benign, lump or tumour
116
What does cancer mean?
Crab because it sends out Clawlike extensions and invade surrounding tissue
117
Can cancer spread
Cancer can spread to other cells throughout the body and other sites in the body
118
What is metastatic cancer?
Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and likely causes death
119
What is a apoptosis
Cell suicide, helps rid the body of old unneeded and unhealthy cells
120
Example of cells getting injured and die or necrose
Deprived of oxygen for too long Positioned Damaged by bacterial toxins Suffer from radiation

Human Body (1 decks)

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